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The Impact of Reversing Regulatory Arbitrage on Loan Originations: Evidence from Bank Holding Companies

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  • David Downs
  • Lan Shi
Abstract
Mortgage banking subsidiaries of bank holding companies (BHCs) became increasingly active players in the mortgage origination market during the last decade. At the time, the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) had supervisory power over BHCs, and under the Bank Holding Company Act was authorized to monitor and examine the subsidiaries of BHCs under certain circumstances. However, this authority did not clearly extend to routine examinations of nonbank subsidiaries of BHCs. This changed between 2007 and 2009 due to FRB policy on consumer compliance supervision for nonbank subsidiaries of BHCs. Our empirical analysis tests for the impact of the new policy on the quantity and quality of loan originations by mortgage banking subsidiaries of BHCs. We use a difference-in-differences estimator with the control group being other types of lenders. We show that loan production moved from mortgage banking subsidiaries to their affiliated depository institutions after the policy change. The quality of loans originated by mortgage banking subsidiaries of BHCs increased after the policy change: The denial rates for mortgage applications increased, loan-to-income ratios decreased, and the proportion of owner occupied houses increased in mortgage banking subsidiaries more than they did in other types of lenders. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

Suggested Citation

  • David Downs & Lan Shi, 2015. "The Impact of Reversing Regulatory Arbitrage on Loan Originations: Evidence from Bank Holding Companies," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 50(3), pages 307-338, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:jrefec:v:50:y:2015:i:3:p:307-338
    DOI: 10.1007/s11146-014-9468-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paul Calem & James Follain, 2007. "Regulatory Capital Arbitrage and the Potential Competitive Impact of Basel II in the Market for Residential Mortgages," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 35(2), pages 197-219, August.
    2. Amiyatosh Purnanandam, 2011. "Originate-to-distribute Model and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 24(6), pages 1881-1915.
    3. Keys, Benjamin J. & Mukherjee, Tanmoy & Seru, Amit & Vig, Vikrant, 2009. "Financial regulation and securitization: Evidence from subprime loans," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(5), pages 700-720, July.
    4. Yuliya Demyanyk & Otto Van Hemert, 2011. "Understanding the Subprime Mortgage Crisis," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 24(6), pages 1848-1880.
    5. Adam B. Ashcraft, 2008. "Are Bank Holding Companies a Source of Strength to Their Banking Subsidiaries?," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 40(2-3), pages 273-294, March.
    6. Atif Mian & Amir Sufi, 2009. "The Consequences of Mortgage Credit Expansion: Evidence from the U.S. Mortgage Default Crisis," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 124(4), pages 1449-1496.
    7. Benjamin J. Keys & Tanmoy Mukherjee & Amit Seru & Vikrant Vig, 2010. "Did Securitization Lead to Lax Screening? Evidence from Subprime Loans," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 125(1), pages 307-362.
    8. Sumit Agarwal & David Lucca & Amit Seru & Francesco Trebbi, 2014. "Inconsistent Regulators: Evidence from Banking," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 129(2), pages 889-938.
    9. James Kau & Donald Keenan & Constantine Lyubimov & V. Slawson, 2012. "Asymmetric Information in the Subprime Mortgage Market," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 44(1), pages 67-89, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Eliana Balla & Raymond Brastow & Daniel Edgel & Morgan Rose, 2024. "The Effect of Regulatory Oversight on Nonbank Mortgage Subsidiaries," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 68(3), pages 523-575, April.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Regulatory arbitrage; Housing market; Mortgage banking; Bank holding companies; Incentives; Loan origination; G01; G21; G28;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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