[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsoctx/v14y2024i9p162-d1466056.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Motherhood Penalty and Labour Market Integration of Immigrant Women: A Review on Evidence from Four OECD Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Samitha Udayanga

    (Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany)

Abstract
Among several reasons preventing the effective labour market integration of immigrant women, the motherhood penalty and unpaid care responsibilities stand out prominently. In line with this, the present scoping review shows how motherhood affects the labour market integration of immigrant women in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA. This review shows that parenthood exacerbates the gender pay gap and limits labour market access, favouring men with children over immigrant mothers. Moreover, the effect of the motherhood penalty might be moderated by the level of education, age of the children, and the country of origin/ethnicity of immigrants. In the four countries examined, labour market outcomes for immigrant women are particularly poor. Factors contributing to this include limited language proficiency, traditional gender norms that restrict the full-time employment of certain groups of immigrant women, and institutional barriers like work-permit processing delays. To address these challenges, Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA have implemented various policies facilitating immigrant mothers’ workforce participation. These measures include language and legal-system education, subsidised childcare, and integration programmes for both mothers and children. Additionally, some programmes in Canada and the USA provide employment assistance and financial support for childcare, while Australia and the UK offer comprehensive integration and settlement services.

Suggested Citation

  • Samitha Udayanga, 2024. "Motherhood Penalty and Labour Market Integration of Immigrant Women: A Review on Evidence from Four OECD Countries," Societies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-21, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsoctx:v:14:y:2024:i:9:p:162-:d:1466056
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/14/9/162/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/14/9/162/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lochmann, Alexia & Rapoport, Hillel & Speciale, Biagio, 2019. "The effect of language training on immigrants’ economic integration: Empirical evidence from France," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 265-296.
    2. Morley Gunderson, 1994. "Pay and Employment Equity in the United States and Canada," International Journal of Manpower, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(7), pages 26-43, October.
    3. Nancy Folbre, 2006. "Measuring Care: Gender, Empowerment, and the Care Economy," Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(2), pages 183-199.
    4. Lindley, Joanne, 2009. "The over-education of UK immigrants and minority ethnic groups: Evidence from the Labour Force Survey," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 80-89, February.
    5. Mattoo, Aaditya & Neagu, Ileana Cristina & Özden, Çaglar, 2008. "Brain waste? Educated immigrants in the US labor market," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(2), pages 255-269, October.
    6. Gaëlle Ferrant & Michele Tuccio, 2015. "How do female migration and gender discrimination in social institutions mutually influence each other?," OECD Development Centre Working Papers 326, OECD Publishing.
    7. Lisa Kaida, 2015. "Ethnic Variations in Immigrant Poverty Exit and Female Employment: The Missing Link," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 52(2), pages 485-511, April.
    8. Christian Dustmann & Francesca Fabbri & Ian Preston, 2005. "The Impact of Immigration on the British Labour Market," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 115(507), pages 324-341, November.
    9. Christian Dustmann & Francesca Fabbri, 2005. "Immigrants in the British labour market," Fiscal Studies, Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 26(4), pages 423-470, December.
    10. Anna Boucher & Robert Breunig & Cecilia Karmel, 2022. "A Preliminary Literature Review on the Effect of Immigration On Australian Domestic Employment and Wages," Australian Economic Review, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, vol. 55(2), pages 263-272, June.
    11. Balwant Singh Mehta & Ishwar Chandra Awasthi, 2019. "Women and Labour Market Dynamics," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-981-13-9057-9, December.
    12. Fendel, Tanja & Jochimsen, Beate, 2017. "Child care reforms and labor participation of migrant and native mothers," IAB-Discussion Paper 201709, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    13. John T. Addison & Liwen Chen & Orgul D. Ozturk, 2020. "Occupational Skill Mismatch: Differences by Gender and Cohort," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 73(3), pages 730-767, May.
    14. Daniela Piazzalunga, 2015. "Is There a Double-Negative Effect? Gender and Ethnic Wage Differentials in Italy," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 29(3), pages 243-269, September.
    15. Jane Njaramba & Philemon Chigeza & Hilary Whitehouse, 2018. "Barriers and challenges experienced by migrant African women entrepreneurs in North Queensland, Australia," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 5(4), pages 1054-1068, June.
    16. Sara Lemos, 2018. "The Employment and Earnings Gaps between Natives and Immigrants in the UK between 1981 and 2006," Fiscal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 39(3), pages 455-487, September.
    17. Alyssa Schneebaum, 2013. "Motherhood and the Lesbian Wage Premium," UMASS Amherst Economics Working Papers 2013-04, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lemos, Sara & Portes, Jonathan, 2008. "New Labour? The Impact of Migration from Central and Eastern European Countries on the UK Labour Market," IZA Discussion Papers 3756, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    2. Lemos, Sara, 2013. "Immigrant economic assimilation: Evidence from UK longitudinal data between 1978 and 2006," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 339-353.
    3. DavidG. Blanchflower & Chris Shadforth, 2009. "Fear, Unemployment and Migration," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 119(535), pages 136-182, February.
    4. Borooah, Vani K. & Mangan, John, 2007. "Living here, born there: The economic life of Australia's immigrants," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 486-511, June.
    5. Anger, Silke & Bassetto, Jacopo & Sandner, Malte, 2024. "Lifting Barriers to Skill Transferability: Immigrant Integration through Occupational Recognition," IZA Discussion Papers 17444, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    6. Samuel Vézina & Alain Bélanger, 2019. "Impacts of education and immigration on the size and skills of the future workforce," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 41(12), pages 331-366.
    7. Martin Ruhs, 2017. "The Impact of Acquiring EU Status on the Earnings of East European Migrants in the UK: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 55(4), pages 716-750, December.
    8. Peter Huber & Gabriele Tondl, 2012. "Migration and regional convergence in the European Union," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 39(4), pages 439-460, November.
    9. Dustmann, Christian & Glitz, Albrecht, 2011. "Migration and Education," Handbook of the Economics of Education, in: Erik Hanushek & Stephen Machin & Ludger Woessmann (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Education, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 0, pages 327-439, Elsevier.
    10. Anna Rosso, 2016. "Skill Transferability and Immigrant-Native Wage Gaps," Development Working Papers 405, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano, revised 21 Oct 2016.
    11. Ondřej Schneider, 2022. "Labour Migration In The European Union: The Case Of Central And Eastern Europe," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 67(233), pages 7-38, April – J.
    12. Lemos, Sara, 2017. "Mind the gap: A detailed picture of the immigrant-native earnings gap in the UK using longitudinal data between 1978 and 2006," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 57-75.
    13. Stuart Campbell, 2014. "Does it matter why immigrants came here? Original motives, the labour market, and national identity in the UK," DoQSS Working Papers 14-14, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London.
    14. Benoit Dostie & Mohsen Javdani, 2020. "Immigrants and Workplace Training: Evidence from Canadian Linked Employer–Employee Data," Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(2), pages 275-315, April.
    15. Parisa Ghasemi & Paulino Teixeira & Carlos Carreira, 2024. "Immigrants and the Portuguese labor market: Threat or Advantage?," CeBER Working Papers 2024-02, Centre for Business and Economics Research (CeBER), University of Coimbra.
    16. Ken Clark & Stephen Drinkwater, 2009. "The Labour Market Impact of Recent Immigration on Ethnic Groups in The UK," Nordic Journal of Political Economy, Nordic Journal of Political Economy, vol. 35, pages 1-4.
    17. Georgios Fotopoulos & David J Storey, 2017. "Persistence and change in interregional differences in entrepreneurship: England and Wales, 1921–2011," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 49(3), pages 670-702, March.
    18. Idunn Brekke & Arne Mastekaasa, 2008. "Highly educated immigrants in the Norwegian labour market: permanent disadvantage?," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 22(3), pages 507-526, September.
    19. Johnston, David W. & Lordan, Grace, 2016. "Racial prejudice and labour market penalties during economic downturns," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 57-75.
    20. Pierre Georges Van Wolleghem & Marina De Angelis & Sergio Scicchitano, 2023. "Do informal Networks Increase Migrants’ Over-Education? Comparing Over-Education for Natives, Migrants and Second Generations in Italy and Assessing the Role of Networks in Generating It," Italian Economic Journal: A Continuation of Rivista Italiana degli Economisti and Giornale degli Economisti, Springer;Società Italiana degli Economisti (Italian Economic Association), vol. 9(1), pages 175-197, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsoctx:v:14:y:2024:i:9:p:162-:d:1466056. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.