[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijfss/v9y2021i2p30-d566104.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Assessing Market Risk in BRICS and Oil Markets: An Application of Markov Switching and Vine Copula

Author

Listed:
  • John Weirstrass Muteba Mwamba

    (School of Economics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa)

  • Sutene Mwambetania Mwambi

    (School of Economics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa)

Abstract
This paper investigates the dynamic tail dependence risk between BRICS economies and the world energy market, in the context of the COVID-19 financial crisis of 2020, in order to determine optimal investment decisions based on risk metrics. For this purpose, we employ a combination of novel statistical techniques, including Vector Autoregressive (VAR), Markov-switching GJR-GARCH, and vine copula methods. Using a data set consisting of daily stock and world crude oil prices, we find evidence of a structure break in the volatility process, consisting of high and low persistence volatility processes, with a high persistence in the probabilities of transition between lower and higher volatility regimes, as well as the presence of leverage effects. Furthermore, our results based on the C-vine copula confirm the existence of two types of tail dependence: symmetric tail dependence between South Africa and China, South Africa and Russia, and South Africa and India, and asymmetric lower tail dependence between South Africa and Brazil, and South Africa and crude oil. For the purpose of diversification in these markets, we formulate an asset allocation problem using raw returns, MS GARCH returns, and C-vine and R-vine copula-based returns, and optimize it using a Particle Swarm optimization algorithm with a rebalancing strategy. The results demonstrate an inverse relationship between the risk contribution and asset allocation of South Africa and the crude oil market, supporting the existence of a lower tail dependence between them. This suggests that, when South African stocks are in distress, investors tend to shift their holdings in the oil market. Similar results are found between Russia and crude oil, as well as Brazil and crude oil. In the symmetric tail, South African asset allocation is found to have a well-diversified relationship with that of China, Russia, and India, suggesting that these three markets might be good investment destinations when things are not good in South Africa, and vice versa.

Suggested Citation

  • John Weirstrass Muteba Mwamba & Sutene Mwambetania Mwambi, 2021. "Assessing Market Risk in BRICS and Oil Markets: An Application of Markov Switching and Vine Copula," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-22, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijfss:v:9:y:2021:i:2:p:30-:d:566104
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7072/9/2/30/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7072/9/2/30/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chkili, Walid & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2014. "Exchange rate movements and stock market returns in a regime-switching environment: Evidence for BRICS countries," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 46-56.
    2. Bouri, Elie & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Raza, Naveed & Roubaud, David, 2018. "Oil volatility and sovereign risk of BRICS," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 258-269.
    3. Jiang, Yonghong & Fu, Yuyuan & Ruan, Weihua, 2019. "Risk spillovers and portfolio management between precious metal and BRICS stock markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 534(C).
    4. Nguyen, Cuong C. & Bhatti, M. Ishaq, 2012. "Copula model dependency between oil prices and stock markets: Evidence from China and Vietnam," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 758-773.
    5. repec:taf:jnlbes:v:30:y:2012:i:2:p:212-228 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Lin, Ling & Zhou, Zhongbao & Jiang, Yong & Ou, Yangchen, 2021. "Risk spillovers and hedge strategies between global crude oil markets and stock markets: Do regime switching processes combining long memory and asymmetry matter?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    7. Sensoy, Ahmet & Hacihasanoglu, Erk & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2015. "Dynamic convergence of commodity futures: Not all types of commodities are alike," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 150-160.
    8. Markus Haas, 2004. "A New Approach to Markov-Switching GARCH Models," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 2(4), pages 493-530.
    9. Hassan, Kamrul & Hoque, Ariful & Wali, Muammer & Gasbarro, Dominic, 2020. "Islamic stocks, conventional stocks, and crude oil: Directional volatility spillover analysis in BRICS," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    10. McIver, Ron P. & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2020. "Financial crises and the dynamics of the spillovers between the U.S. and BRICS stock markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    11. Glosten, Lawrence R & Jagannathan, Ravi & Runkle, David E, 1993. "On the Relation between the Expected Value and the Volatility of the Nominal Excess Return on Stocks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 48(5), pages 1779-1801, December.
    12. Hou, Yang & Li, Steven & Wen, Fenghua, 2019. "Time-varying volatility spillover between Chinese fuel oil and stock index futures markets based on a DCC-GARCH model with a semi-nonparametric approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 119-143.
    13. Thampanya, Natthinee & Nasir, Muhammad Ali & Huynh, Toan Luu Duc, 2020. "Asymmetric correlation and hedging effectiveness of gold & cryptocurrencies: From pre-industrial to the 4th industrial revolution✰," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    14. Mensi, Walid & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2016. "Global financial crisis and spillover effects among the U.S. and BRICS stock markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 257-276.
    15. Apergis, Nicholas & Miller, Stephen M., 2009. "Do structural oil-market shocks affect stock prices?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 569-575, July.
    16. Aas, Kjersti & Czado, Claudia & Frigessi, Arnoldo & Bakken, Henrik, 2009. "Pair-copula constructions of multiple dependence," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(2), pages 182-198, April.
    17. Arreola Hernandez, Jose, 2014. "Are oil and gas stocks from the Australian market riskier than coal and uranium stocks? Dependence risk analysis and portfolio optimization," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 528-536.
    18. Bhar, Ramaprasad & Nikolova, Biljana, 2009. "Return, volatility spillovers and dynamic correlation in the BRIC equity markets: An analysis using a bivariate EGARCH framework," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 19(3), pages 203-218.
    19. Jules Clement Mba & Sutene Mwambi, 2020. "A Markov-switching COGARCH approach to cryptocurrency portfolio selection and optimization," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 34(2), pages 199-214, June.
    20. Trottier, Denis-Alexandre & Ardia, David, 2016. "Moments of standardized Fernandez–Steel skewed distributions: Applications to the estimation of GARCH-type models," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 311-316.
    21. Bollerslev, Tim, 1990. "Modelling the Coherence in Short-run Nominal Exchange Rates: A Multivariate Generalized ARCH Model," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 72(3), pages 498-505, August.
    22. Umar, Zaghum, 2017. "The demand of energy from an optimal portfolio choice perspective," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 478-494.
    23. Salisu, Afees A. & Gupta, Rangan, 2021. "Oil shocks and stock market volatility of the BRICS: A GARCH-MIDAS approach," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
    24. Sui, Lu & Sun, Lijuan, 2016. "Spillover effects between exchange rates and stock prices: Evidence from BRICS around the recent global financial crisis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 459-471.
    25. Gatfaoui, Hayette, 2019. "Diversifying portfolios of U.S. stocks with crude oil and natural gas: A regime-dependent optimization with several risk measures," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 132-152.
    26. Nelson, Daniel B, 1991. "Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(2), pages 347-370, March.
    27. Kumar, Satish & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Chauhan, Yogesh & Ji, Qiang, 2019. "Dependence structure between the BRICS foreign exchange and stock markets using the dependence-switching copula approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 273-284.
    28. Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo, 2018. "Uncovering equity market contagion among BRICS countries: An application of the multivariate GARCH model," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 36-44.
    29. Brechmann Eike Christain & Czado Claudia, 2013. "Risk management with high-dimensional vine copulas: An analysis of the Euro Stoxx 50," Statistics & Risk Modeling, De Gruyter, vol. 30(4), pages 307-342, December.
    30. Kjersti Aas & Daniel Berg, 2009. "Models for construction of multivariate dependence - a comparison study," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(7-8), pages 639-659.
    31. Kole, Erik & Koedijk, Kees & Verbeek, Marno, 2007. "Selecting copulas for risk management," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(8), pages 2405-2423, August.
    32. Bekiros, Stelios & Hernandez, Jose Arreola & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2015. "Multivariate dependence risk and portfolio optimization: An application to mining stock portfolios," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(P2), pages 1-11.
    33. Sahamkhadam, Maziar & Stephan, Andreas & Östermark, Ralf, 2018. "Portfolio optimization based on GARCH-EVT-Copula forecasting models," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 497-506.
    34. Zakoian, Jean-Michel, 1994. "Threshold heteroskedastic models," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 931-955, September.
    35. Low, Rand Kwong Yew & Alcock, Jamie & Faff, Robert & Brailsford, Timothy, 2013. "Canonical vine copulas in the context of modern portfolio management: Are they worth it?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 3085-3099.
    36. Engle, Robert, 2002. "Dynamic Conditional Correlation: A Simple Class of Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(3), pages 339-350, July.
    37. Hansen, Bruce E, 1994. "Autoregressive Conditional Density Estimation," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 35(3), pages 705-730, August.
    38. Mendes, Beatriz Vaz de Melo & Marques, Daniel S., 2012. "Choosing an optimal investment strategy: The role of robust pair-copulas based portfolios," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 449-464.
    39. BenSaïda, Ahmed, 2018. "The contagion effect in European sovereign debt markets: A regime-switching vine copula approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 153-165.
    40. Kenourgios, Dimitris & Samitas, Aristeidis & Paltalidis, Nikos, 2011. "Financial crises and stock market contagion in a multivariate time-varying asymmetric framework," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 92-106, February.
    41. Ardia, David & Bluteau, Keven & Boudt, Kris & Catania, Leopoldo, 2018. "Forecasting risk with Markov-switching GARCH models:A large-scale performance study," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 733-747.
    42. Morema, Kgotso & Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo, 2020. "The impact of oil and gold price fluctuations on the South African equity market: Volatility spillovers and financial policy implications," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    43. Peng, Xiaofan, 2020. "Do precious metals act as hedges or safe havens for China's financial markets?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
    44. Markus Junker & Angelika May, 2005. "Measurement of aggregate risk with copulas," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 8(3), pages 428-454, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Amaro, Raphael & Pinho, Carlos & Madaleno, Mara, 2022. "Forecasting the Value-at-Risk of energy commodities: A comparison of models and alternative distribution functions," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 65, pages 77-101.
    2. Fredy Pokou & Jules Sadefo Kamdem & François Benhmad, 2024. "Empirical Performance of an ESG Assets Portfolio from US Market," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 64(3), pages 1569-1638, September.
    3. Amaro, Raphael & Pinho, Carlos, 2022. "Energy commodities: A study on model selection for estimating Value-at-Risk," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 68, pages 5-27.
    4. Liu, Min & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2021. "Capturing the dynamics of the China crude oil futures: Markov switching, co-movement, and volatility forecasting," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    5. Liu, Min & Liu, Hong-Fei & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2024. "An empirical study on the response of the energy market to the shock from the artificial intelligence industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    6. Xie, Qichang & Fang, Tingwei & Rong, Xueyun & Xu, Xin, 2024. "Nonlinear behavior of tail risk resonance and early warning: Insight from global energy stock markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kjersti Aas, 2016. "Pair-Copula Constructions for Financial Applications: A Review," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-15, October.
    2. McIver, Ron P. & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2020. "Financial crises and the dynamics of the spillovers between the U.S. and BRICS stock markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    3. Maziar Sahamkhadam & Andreas Stephan, 2019. "Portfolio optimization based on forecasting models using vine copulas: An empirical assessment for the financial crisis," Papers 1912.10328, arXiv.org.
    4. Nikolaos A. Kyriazis, 2021. "A Survey on Volatility Fluctuations in the Decentralized Cryptocurrency Financial Assets," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-46, June.
    5. BAUWENS, Luc & HAFNER, Christian & LAURENT, Sébastien, 2011. "Volatility models," LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE 2011058, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
      • Bauwens, L. & Hafner, C. & Laurent, S., 2012. "Volatility Models," LIDAM Reprints ISBA 2012028, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
      • Bauwens, L. & Hafner C. & Laurent, S., 2011. "Volatility Models," LIDAM Discussion Papers ISBA 2011044, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
    6. Fernanda Maria Müller & Marcelo Brutti Righi, 2018. "Numerical comparison of multivariate models to forecasting risk measures," Risk Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(1), pages 29-50, February.
    7. Dominique Guegan & Bertrand K. Hassani, 2019. "Risk Measurement," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-02119256, HAL.
    8. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Sarwar, Suleman & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2019. "Analysing volatility spillover between the oil market and the stock market in oil-importing and oil-exporting countries: Implications on portfolio management," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 22-32.
    9. R. Khalfaoui & M. Boutahar, 2012. "Portfolio Risk Evaluation: An Approach Based on Dynamic Conditional Correlations Models and Wavelet Multi-Resolution Analysis," Working Papers halshs-00793068, HAL.
    10. Simon Fritzsch & Maike Timphus & Gregor Weiss, 2021. "Marginals Versus Copulas: Which Account For More Model Risk In Multivariate Risk Forecasting?," Papers 2109.10946, arXiv.org.
    11. Fredy Pokou & Jules Sadefo Kamdem & François Benhmad, 2024. "Empirical Performance of an ESG Assets Portfolio from US Market," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 64(3), pages 1569-1638, September.
    12. Zhou, Wei & Chen, Yan & Chen, Jin, 2022. "Risk spread in multiple energy markets: Extreme volatility spillover network analysis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    13. Petropoulos, Fotios & Apiletti, Daniele & Assimakopoulos, Vassilios & Babai, Mohamed Zied & Barrow, Devon K. & Ben Taieb, Souhaib & Bergmeir, Christoph & Bessa, Ricardo J. & Bijak, Jakub & Boylan, Joh, 2022. "Forecasting: theory and practice," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 705-871.
      • Fotios Petropoulos & Daniele Apiletti & Vassilios Assimakopoulos & Mohamed Zied Babai & Devon K. Barrow & Souhaib Ben Taieb & Christoph Bergmeir & Ricardo J. Bessa & Jakub Bijak & John E. Boylan & Jet, 2020. "Forecasting: theory and practice," Papers 2012.03854, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
    14. Fritzsch, Simon & Timphus, Maike & Weiß, Gregor, 2024. "Marginals versus copulas: Which account for more model risk in multivariate risk forecasting?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    15. Ndiweni, Zinzile Lorna & Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo, 2022. "Contagion or decoupling? Evidence from emerging stock markets," MPRA Paper 115170, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Ataurima Arellano, Miguel & Rodríguez, Gabriel, 2020. "Empirical modeling of high-income and emerging stock and Forex market return volatility using Markov-switching GARCH models," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    17. Reboredo, Juan C. & Ugolini, Andrea, 2015. "A vine-copula conditional value-at-risk approach to systemic sovereign debt risk for the financial sector," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 98-123.
    18. Nikolaos Antonakakis & Ioannis Chatziantoniou & David Gabauer, 2021. "The impact of Euro through time: Exchange rate dynamics under different regimes," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(1), pages 1375-1408, January.
    19. Leandro Maciel, 2021. "Cryptocurrencies value‐at‐risk and expected shortfall: Do regime‐switching volatility models improve forecasting?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 4840-4855, July.
    20. Halkos, George E. & Tsirivis, Apostolos S., 2019. "Effective energy commodity risk management: Econometric modeling of price volatility," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 234-250.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijfss:v:9:y:2021:i:2:p:30-:d:566104. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.