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On the role of battery degradation in en-route charge scheduling for an electric bus system

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  • Zeng, Ziling
  • Wang, Shuaian
  • Qu, Xiaobo
Abstract
Electric buses (EB) are widely promoted as a clean alternative to conventional fleets to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from ground transportation. En-route charging that takes advantage of bus dwell time is an efficient and promising charging strategy to address mileage limitations and long energy replenishment time. However, the charging and discharging behavior of electric buses during operation has a vital impact on battery degradation, grid stability, and schedule robustness. The present study proposes an optimal electric bus charge scheduling model that addresses the grid and battery issues by introducing peak-to-average power ratio, time-of-use electricity price, and battery wear formulation while ensuring the original bus schedules. The model is formulated as a mixed-integer program that can be solved using off-the-shelf solvers even for large-scale problems. Extensive numerical studies based on real-world bus networks are introduced to demonstrate the performance and to gain insights from sensitive analysis. The result shows that the optimal schedule achieves a balanced spatial and temporal distribution of charging demand. Besides, it reveals that the battery wear costs have a greater impact on operations than charging costs, accounting for about 87.26% of total operating costs. However, this impact can be well controlled by controlling the battery state-of-charge (SOC) intervals.

Suggested Citation

  • Zeng, Ziling & Wang, Shuaian & Qu, Xiaobo, 2022. "On the role of battery degradation in en-route charge scheduling for an electric bus system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transe:v:161:y:2022:i:c:s1366554522001181
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tre.2022.102727
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    Cited by:

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    4. Jing Wang & Heqi Wang & Chunguang Wang, 2023. "Optimal Charging Pile Configuration and Charging Scheduling for Electric Bus Routes Considering the Impact of Ambient Temperature on Charging Power," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-16, April.
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    6. Zeng, Ziling & Wang, Tingsong & Qu, Xiaobo, 2024. "En-route charge scheduling for an electric bus network: Stochasticity and real-world practice," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    7. Guschinsky, Nikolai & Kovalyov, Mikhail Y. & Pesch, Erwin & Rozin, Boris, 2023. "Cost minimizing decisions on equipment and charging schedule for electric buses in a single depot," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    8. Li, Xiangda & Peng, Yun & Tian, Qi & Feng, Tao & Wang, Wenyuan & Cao, Zhen & Song, Xiangqun, 2023. "A decomposition-based optimization method for integrated vehicle charging and operation scheduling in automated container terminals under fast charging technology," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    9. Young Kwan Ko & Young Dae Ko, 2023. "A Development of Optimal Design and Operation Algorithm for Battery-Powered Electric City Tour Bus System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-16, January.
    10. Yang, Lan & Hu, Zhiqiang & Wang, Liang & Liu, Yang & He, Jiangbo & Qu, Xiaobo & Zhao, Xiangmo & Fang, Shan, 2024. "Entire route eco-driving method for electric bus based on rule-based reinforcement learning," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    11. Peng, Yiyang & Li, Guoyuan & Xu, Min & Chen, Anthony, 2024. "Mixed-fleet operation of battery electric bus and hydrogen bus: Considering limited depot size with flexible refueling processes," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    12. Cui, Shaohua & Gao, Kun & Yu, Bin & Ma, Zhenliang & Najafi, Arsalan, 2023. "Joint optimal vehicle and recharging scheduling for mixed bus fleets under limited chargers," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    13. Lim, Lek Keng & Muis, Zarina Ab & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Bong, Cassendra Phun Chien, 2023. "Review of the energy forecasting and scheduling model for electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
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