[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/tefoso/v200y2024ics0040162523007631.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Crypto market relationships with bric countries' uncertainty – A wavelet-based approach

Author

Listed:
  • Almeida, José
  • Gaio, Cristina
  • Gonçalves, Tiago Cruz
Abstract
This study focuses on exploring the relationships between different categories of crypto assets and measures of uncertainty in BRIC countries, specifically examining geopolitical risk (GPR) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU). Our findings indicate that the co-movement of the EPU and GPR indexes with different categories of crypto assets is influenced by factors such as the time period, investment horizons, and the type of event, and that it differs across crypto assets. An overall pattern is observed, suggesting that the crypto market does not act as a hedge against economic policy uncertainties (EPU) but demonstrates a hedging effect against geopolitical risk (GPR). This distinction in hedging effectiveness is influenced by the nature of events (COVID-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine), since investors' expectations and perception of risk differ during these events. Furthermore, our analysis shows that stablecoins and memecoins do not exhibit consistent results in relation to GPR and EPU, suggesting that they may not serve as reliable hedging instruments against geopolitical risks or economic policy uncertainties in the BRIC countries. Our findings carry important implications for investors, portfolio managers, policy makers, and researchers, offering insights into portfolio risk management, regulatory frameworks, and the behavior of the cryptocurrency market in the face of uncertainties.

Suggested Citation

  • Almeida, José & Gaio, Cristina & Gonçalves, Tiago Cruz, 2024. "Crypto market relationships with bric countries' uncertainty – A wavelet-based approach," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:200:y:2024:i:c:s0040162523007631
    DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123078
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523007631
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123078?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Matkovskyy, Roman & Jalan, Akanksha & Dowling, Michael, 2020. "Effects of economic policy uncertainty shocks on the interdependence between Bitcoin and traditional financial markets," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 150-155.
    2. Wu, Shan & Tong, Mu & Yang, Zhongyi & Derbali, Abdelkader, 2019. "Does gold or Bitcoin hedge economic policy uncertainty?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 171-178.
    3. Md Hakim Ali & Christophe Schinckus & Md Akther Uddin & Saeed Pahlevansharif, 2022. "Asymmetric effects of economic policy uncertainty on Bitcoin’s hedging power," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 40(2), pages 213-229, May.
    4. Demir, Ender & Gozgor, Giray & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Vigne, Samuel A., 2018. "Does economic policy uncertainty predict the Bitcoin returns? An empirical investigation," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 145-149.
    5. Ross C Phillips & Denise Gorse, 2018. "Cryptocurrency price drivers: Wavelet coherence analysis revisited," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(4), pages 1-21, April.
    6. Mokni, Khaled, 2021. "When, where, and how economic policy uncertainty predicts Bitcoin returns and volatility? A quantiles-based analysis," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 65-73.
    7. Dario Caldara & Matteo Iacoviello, 2022. "Measuring Geopolitical Risk," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 112(4), pages 1194-1225, April.
    8. Jiang, Yonghong & Wu, Lanxin & Tian, Gengyu & Nie, He, 2021. "Do cryptocurrencies hedge against EPU and the equity market volatility during COVID-19? – New evidence from quantile coherency analysis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    9. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Gozgor, Giray & Lau, Chi Keung Marco, 2022. "Risk transmissions between bitcoin and traditional financial assets during the COVID-19 era: The role of global uncertainties," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    10. José Almeida & Tiago Cruz Gonçalves, 2022. "A Systematic Literature Review of Volatility and Risk Management on Cryptocurrency Investment: A Methodological Point of View," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-18, May.
    11. Dirk G. Baur & Brian M. Lucey, 2010. "Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven? An Analysis of Stocks, Bonds and Gold," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 217-229, May.
    12. Aysan, Ahmet Faruk & Demir, Ender & Gozgor, Giray & Lau, Chi Keung Marco, 2019. "Effects of the geopolitical risks on Bitcoin returns and volatility," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 511-518.
    13. José Almeida & Tiago Cruz Gonçalves, 2023. "A Decade of Cryptocurrency Investment Literature: A Cluster-Based Systematic Analysis," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-20, May.
    14. Bouri, Elie & Gupta, Rangan & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Roubaud, David, 2017. "Does Bitcoin hedge global uncertainty? Evidence from wavelet-based quantile-in-quantile regressions," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 87-95.
    15. Su, Chi-Wei & Huang, Shi-Wen & Qin, Meng & Umar, Muhammad, 2021. "Does crude oil price stimulate economic policy uncertainty in BRICS?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    16. Shahzad, Umer & Mohammed, Kamel Si & Tiwari, Sunil & Nakonieczny, Joanna & Nesterowicz, Renata, 2023. "Connectedness between geopolitical risk, financial instability indices and precious metals markets: Novel findings from Russia Ukraine conflict perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    17. Będowska-Sójka, Barbara & Demir, Ender & Zaremba, Adam, 2022. "Hedging Geopolitical Risks with Different Asset Classes: A Focus on the Russian Invasion of Ukraine," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    18. Su, Chi-Wei & Qin, Meng & Tao, Ran & Shao, Xue-Feng & Albu, Lucian Liviu & Umar, Muhammad, 2020. "Can Bitcoin hedge the risks of geopolitical events?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    19. Clark, Ephraim & Lahiani, Amine & Mefteh-Wali, Salma, 2023. "Cryptocurrency return predictability: What is the role of the environment?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    20. Zhang, Dongna & Chen, Xihui Haviour & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Xu, Bing, 2023. "Implications of cryptocurrency energy usage on climate change," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    21. Ngo Thai Hung, 2021. "Directional Spillover Effects Between BRICS Stock Markets and Economic Policy Uncertainty," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 28(3), pages 429-448, September.
    22. Zhang, Zhengyong & Bouri, Elie & Klein, Tony & Jalkh, Naji, 2022. "Geopolitical risk and the returns and volatility of global defense companies: A new race to arms?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    23. Prudence Makololo & Yudhvir Seetharam & David McMillan, 2020. "The effect of economic policy uncertainty and herding on leverage: An examination of the BRICS countries," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(1), pages 1821482-182, January.
    24. Balcilar, Mehmet & Bonato, Matteo & Demirer, Riza & Gupta, Rangan, 2018. "Geopolitical risks and stock market dynamics of the BRICS," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 295-306.
    25. Moinak Maiti & Darko Vukovic & Yaroslav Vyklyuk & Zoran Grubisic, 2022. "BRICS Capital Markets Co-Movement Analysis and Forecasting," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-13, April.
    26. Umar, Muhammad & Su, Chi-Wei & Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas & Shao, Xue-Feng, 2021. "Bitcoin: A safe haven asset and a winner amid political and economic uncertainties in the US?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    27. Singh, Sanjeet & Bansal, Pooja & Bhardwaj, Nav, 2022. "Correlation between geopolitical risk, economic policy uncertainty, and Bitcoin using partial and multiple wavelet coherence in P5 + 1 nations," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    28. Hakan Yildirim & Saffet Akdag & Andrew Adewale Alola, 2022. "Is there a price bubble in the exchange rates of the developing countries? The case of BRICS and Turkey," Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 27(54), pages 247-261, May.
    29. Costa, Antonio & da Silva, Cristiano & Matos, Paulo, 2022. "The Brazilian financial market reaction to COVID-19: A wavelet analysis," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 13-29.
    30. Ahmed Jeribi & Achraf Ghorbel, 2021. "Forecasting developed and BRICS stock markets with cryptocurrencies and gold: generalized orthogonal generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and generalized autoregressive score anal," International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 17(9), pages 2290-2320, March.
    31. Maurice Omane‐Adjepong & Imhotep Paul Alagidede, 2021. "Modelling Asymmetry and Leverage in Cryptocurrencies and Emerging Financial Markets," Economic Papers, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 40(2), pages 152-166, June.
    32. Firouzi, Shahrokh & Wang, Xiangning, 2019. "A comparative study of exchange rates and order flow based on wavelet transform coherence and cross wavelet transform," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 42-56.
    33. Nikolaos A. Kyriazis, 2022. "Optimal Portfolios of National Currencies, Commodities and Fuel, Agricultural Commodities and Cryptocurrencies during the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-24, September.
    34. Conlon, Thomas & Corbet, Shaen & McGee, Richard J., 2021. "Inflation and cryptocurrencies revisited: A time-scale analysis," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    35. Mokni, Khaled & Youssef, Manel & Ajmi, Ahdi Noomen, 2022. "COVID-19 pandemic and economic policy uncertainty: The first test on the hedging and safe haven properties of cryptocurrencies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    36. Almeida, José & Gonçalves, Tiago Cruz, 2023. "A systematic literature review of investor behavior in the cryptocurrency markets," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
    37. Riti, Joshua Sunday & Shu, Yang & Riti, Miriam-Kamah J., 2022. "Geopolitical risk and environmental degradation in BRICS: Aggregation bias and policy inference," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    38. Al-Yahyaee, Khamis Hamed & Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Mensi, Walid & Al-Jarrah, Idries Mohammad Wanas, 2019. "Can uncertainty indices predict Bitcoin prices? A revisited analysis using partial and multivariate wavelet approaches," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 47-56.
    39. Long, Shaobo & Pei, Hongxia & Tian, Hao & Lang, Kun, 2021. "Can both Bitcoin and gold serve as safe-haven assets? — A comparative analysis based on the NARDL model," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    40. Jessica Paule-Vianez & Camilo Prado-Román & Raúl Gómez-Martínez, 2020. "Economic policy uncertainty and Bitcoin. Is Bitcoin a safe-haven asset?," European Journal of Management and Business Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 29(3), pages 347-363, March.
    41. Kumar, Anoop S. & Anandarao, S., 2019. "Volatility spillover in crypto-currency markets: Some evidences from GARCH and wavelet analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 524(C), pages 448-458.
    42. Yen, Kuang-Chieh & Cheng, Hui-Pei, 2021. "Economic policy uncertainty and cryptocurrency volatility," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    43. Goodell, John W. & Alon, Ilan & Chiaramonte, Laura & Dreassi, Alberto & Paltrinieri, Andrea & Piserà, Stefano, 2023. "Risk substitution in cryptocurrencies: Evidence from BRICS announcements," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    44. Xiuwen Chen & Xiaolei Sun & Jun Wang, 2019. "Dynamic Spillover Effect Between Oil Prices and Economic Policy Uncertainty in BRIC Countries: A Wavelet-Based Approach," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(12), pages 2703-2717, September.
    45. Bejaoui, Azza & Frikha, Wajdi & Jeribi, Ahmed & Bariviera, Aurelio F., 2023. "Connectedness between emerging stock markets, gold, cryptocurrencies, DeFi and NFT: Some new evidence from wavelet analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 619(C).
    46. Wang, Yihan & Bouri, Elie & Fareed, Zeeshan & Dai, Yuhui, 2022. "Geopolitical risk and the systemic risk in the commodity markets under the war in Ukraine," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    47. Lucey, Brian M. & Vigne, Samuel A. & Yarovaya, Larisa & Wang, Yizhi, 2022. "The cryptocurrency uncertainty index," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    48. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Rehman, Mohd Ziaur, 2023. "Spillovers and connectedness among BRICS stock markets, cryptocurrencies, and uncertainty: Evidence from the quantile vector autoregression network," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    49. Rabeh Khalfaoui & Shawkat Hammoudeh & Mohd Ziaur Rehman, 2023. "Spillovers and connectedness among BRICS stock markets, cryptocurrencies, and uncertainty: Evidence from the quantile vector autoregression network," Post-Print hal-03998222, HAL.
    50. Νikolaos A. Kyriazis, 2021. "The effects of geopolitical uncertainty on cryptocurrencies and other financial assets," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 1(1), pages 1-14, January.
    51. Wu, Wanshan & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Gozgor, Giray & Leping, Huang, 2021. "Does economic policy uncertainty affect cryptocurrency markets? Evidence from Twitter-based uncertainty measures," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    52. Conghui Chen & Lanlan Liu & Ningru Zhao, 2020. "Fear Sentiment, Uncertainty, and Bitcoin Price Dynamics: The Case of COVID-19," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(10), pages 2298-2309, August.
    53. Pattnaik, Debidutta & Hassan, M. Kabir & Dsouza, Arun & Tiwari, Aviral & Devji, Shridev, 2023. "Ex-post facto analysis of cryptocurrency literature over a decade using bibliometric technique," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    54. Aloui, Chaker & Hkiri, Besma, 2014. "Co-movements of GCC emerging stock markets: New evidence from wavelet coherence analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 421-431.
    55. Manoel Fernando Alonso Gadi & Miguel-Angel Sicilia, 2022. "Analyzing Safe Haven, Hedging and Diversifier Characteristics of Heterogeneous Cryptocurrencies against G7 and BRICS Market Indexes," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-13, December.
    56. Amine Lahiani & Ahmed Jeribi & Nabila Boukef Jlassi, 2021. "Nonlinear tail dependence in cryptocurrency-stock market returns: The role of Bitcoin futures," Post-Print hal-03573206, HAL.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gök, Remzi & Bouri, Elie & Gemici, Eray, 2022. "Can Twitter-based economic uncertainty predict safe-haven assets under all market conditions and investment horizons?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    2. Zhang, Pengcheng & Kong, Deli & Xu, Kunpeng & Qi, Jiayin, 2024. "Global economic policy uncertainty and the stability of cryptocurrency returns: The role of liquidity volatility," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(PB).
    3. Singh, Sanjeet & Bansal, Pooja & Bhardwaj, Nav, 2022. "Correlation between geopolitical risk, economic policy uncertainty, and Bitcoin using partial and multiple wavelet coherence in P5 + 1 nations," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    4. Ştefan Cristian Gherghina & Liliana Nicoleta Simionescu, 2023. "Exploring the asymmetric effect of COVID-19 pandemic news on the cryptocurrency market: evidence from nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach and frequency domain causality," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-58, December.
    5. Al-Shboul, Mohammad & Assaf, Ata & Mokni, Khaled, 2022. "When bitcoin lost its position: Cryptocurrency uncertainty and the dynamic spillover among cryptocurrencies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    6. Chowdhury, Mohammad Ashraful Ferdous & Abdullah, Mohammad & Masih, Mansur, 2022. "COVID-19 government interventions and cryptocurrency market: Is there any optimum portfolio diversification?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    7. Będowska-Sójka, Barbara & Górka, Joanna & Hemmings, Danial & Zaremba, Adam, 2024. "Uncertainty and cryptocurrency returns: A lesson from turbulent times," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    8. Simran, & Sharma, Anil Kumar, 2023. "Asymmetric impact of economic policy uncertainty on cryptocurrency market: Evidence from NARDL approach," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    9. Raza, Syed Ali & Khan, Komal Akram & Guesmi, Khaled & Benkraiem, Ramzi, 2023. "Uncertainty in the financial regulation policy and the boom of cryptocurrencies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    10. Ben Nouir, Jihed & Ben Haj Hamida, Hayet, 2023. "How do economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk drive Bitcoin volatility?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    11. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Gozgor, Giray & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2022. "Volatility and return connectedness of cryptocurrency, gold, and uncertainty: Evidence from the cryptocurrency uncertainty indices," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PB).
    12. Wang, Yizhi & Lucey, Brian M. & Vigne, Samuel A. & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2022. "The Effects of Central Bank Digital Currencies News on Financial Markets," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    13. Al-Shboul, Mohammad & Assaf, Ata & Mokni, Khaled, 2023. "Does economic policy uncertainty drive the dynamic spillover among traditional currencies and cryptocurrencies? The role of the COVID-19 pandemic," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    14. Umar, Muhammad & Shahzad, Fakhar & Ullah, Irfan & Fanghua, Tong, 2023. "A comparative analysis of cryptocurrency returns and economic policy uncertainty pre- and post-Covid-19," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    15. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Gozgor, Giray & Lau, Chi Keung Marco, 2022. "Risk transmissions between bitcoin and traditional financial assets during the COVID-19 era: The role of global uncertainties," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    16. Elie Bouri & Rangan Gupta & Xuan Vinh Vo, 2022. "Jumps in Geopolitical Risk and the Cryptocurrency Market: The Singularity of Bitcoin," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(2), pages 150-161, February.
    17. Inzamam Ul Haq & Apichit Maneengam & Supat Chupradit & Wanich Suksatan & Chunhui Huo, 2021. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Cryptocurrency Market as a Risk Management Avenue: A Systematic Review," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-24, September.
    18. Wüstenfeld, Jan & Geldner, Teo, 2022. "Economic uncertainty and national bitcoin trading activity," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    19. Beckmann, Joscha & Geldner, Teo & Wüstenfeld, Jan, 2024. "The relevance of media sentiment for small and large scale bitcoin investors," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    20. Kamal, Javed Bin & Hassan, M. Kabir, 2022. "Asymmetric connectedness between cryptocurrency environment attention index and green assets," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 25(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    BRIC; Wavelets; Cryptocurrency; GPR; EPU;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F15 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Economic Integration
    • F50 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - General
    • F64 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Environment
    • F65 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Finance
    • F68 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Policy
    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:200:y:2024:i:c:s0040162523007631. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00401625 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.