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Biodiesel production using chemical and biological methods – A review of process, catalyst, acyl acceptor, source and process variables

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  • Bharathiraja, B.
  • Chakravarthy, M.
  • Kumar, R. Ranjith
  • Yuvaraj, D.
  • Jayamuthunagai, J.
  • Kumar, R. Praveen
  • Palani, S.
Abstract
The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have left the world with a corner kick into the area of exponential fuel demand and now the race is on for alternate energy source. The fortunate improvements in Biodiesel fuel production techniques has been the heading topic of economic and environment sustainability so far. Biodiesel have the potential to replace diesel in vehicle engines. It has been tested and proved that engines running on biodiesel have shown low smoke emission and low toxic gas emission. Biodiesel properties such as oxidation stability, cloud point, iodine value, linoleic acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester content of biodiesel are dependent upon the quality of the feedstock. Processing parameters such as density, viscosity, acid value, distillation property are dependent on feedstock as well as the reaction conditions or the extent of reaction. Combustion property greatly varies with the substrates used and almost all the varieties have been proven to be as superior as that of conventional diesel fuel. Though the existing fossil and terrestrial biomass based oil cannot realistically satisfy the existing demands, algal oil source scores the most out of demanded factors like oil content, extractability, comfortable cultivation and efficient biomass production. Algae are a diverse group of plant like microorganisms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, mostly autotrophic in nature with basic requirement such as CO2 and light for their normal growth and metabolic activity. Being micro scaled in physiology, most species of algae have less doubling time and the oil productivity greatly exceeds the outcome of best oil producing crops which clearly portrays that microalgae acts as a renewable source and can yield enough amount of oil for biodiesel production to meet the present intensifying demands. This article aims at reviewing the technical aspects of various biodiesel production methods from diverse oil feedstocks, their importance and significance of microalgal, process availability, commercialization potential of various processes.

Suggested Citation

  • Bharathiraja, B. & Chakravarthy, M. & Kumar, R. Ranjith & Yuvaraj, D. & Jayamuthunagai, J. & Kumar, R. Praveen & Palani, S., 2014. "Biodiesel production using chemical and biological methods – A review of process, catalyst, acyl acceptor, source and process variables," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 368-382.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:38:y:2014:i:c:p:368-382
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.084
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bharathiraja, B. & Chakravarthy, M. & Ranjith Kumar, R. & Yogendran, D. & Yuvaraj, D. & Jayamuthunagai, J. & Praveen Kumar, R. & Palani, S., 2015. "Aquatic biomass (algae) as a future feed stock for bio-refineries: A review on cultivation, processing and products," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 634-653.
    2. Padula, Miquele L. & Romero, Arthur S. & Hotza, Dachamir & Innocentini, Murilo D.M. & Pinto, Maria E.G. & Pedrini, Augusto S. & Rebelatto, Evertan & Ribeiro, Luiz Fernando B. & Zin, Guilherme & Olivei, 2022. "Dehydration of fatty acid methyl ester mixtures from enzymatic biodiesel using a modified PVDF membrane," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 237-247.
    3. Chia, Shir Reen & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Chew, Kit Wayne & Show, Pau Loke & Phang, Siew-Moi & Ling, Tau Chuan & Nagarajan, Dillirani & Lee, Duu-Jong & Chang, Jo-Shu, 2018. "Sustainable approaches for algae utilisation in bioenergy production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(PB), pages 838-852.
    4. Roy, Murari Mohon & Calder, Jorge & Wang, Wilson & Mangad, Arvind & Diniz, Fernando Cezar Mariano, 2016. "Cold start idle emissions from a modern Tier-4 turbo-charged diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel-ethanol, and diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 52-65.
    5. Giwa, Adewale & Adeyemi, Idowu & Dindi, Abdallah & Lopez, Celia García-Baños & Lopresto, Catia Giovanna & Curcio, Stefano & Chakraborty, Sudip, 2018. "Techno-economic assessment of the sustainability of an integrated biorefinery from microalgae and Jatropha: A review and case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 239-257.
    6. Sajid, Zaman & Khan, Faisal & Zhang, Yan, 2016. "Process simulation and life cycle analysis of biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 945-952.
    7. Shah, Syed Hasnain & Raja, Iftikhar Ahmed & Rizwan, Muhammad & Rashid, Naim & Mahmood, Qaisar & Shah, Fayyaz Ali & Pervez, Arshid, 2018. "Potential of microalgal biodiesel production and its sustainability perspectives in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 76-92.
    8. Bharathiraja, B. & Iyyappan, J. & Gopinath, M. & Jayamuthunagai, J. & PraveenKumar, R., 2022. "Transgenicism in algae: Challenges in compatibility, global scenario and future prospects for next generation biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    9. Preeti Pal & Kit Wayne Chew & Hong-Wei Yen & Jun Wei Lim & Man Kee Lam & Pau Loke Show, 2019. "Cultivation of Oily Microalgae for the Production of Third-Generation Biofuels," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-16, September.
    10. Yan, Kai & Jarvis, Cody & Gu, Jing & Yan, Yong, 2015. "Production and catalytic transformation of levulinic acid: A platform for speciality chemicals and fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 986-997.
    11. Shimada, Guilherme B. & Cestari, Alexandre, 2020. "Synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts by the hydrolytic Sol-Gel method for the biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 389-394.
    12. Al-Saadi, Ali & Mathan, Bobby & He, Yinghe, 2020. "Esterification and transesterification over SrO–ZnO/Al2O3 as a novel bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 388-399.

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