[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v167y2022ics1364032122006086.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Comparison methods of energy system frameworks, models and scenario results

Author

Listed:
  • Prina, Matteo Giacomo
  • Nastasi, Benedetto
  • Groppi, Daniele
  • Misconel, Steffi
  • Garcia, Davide Astiaso
  • Sparber, Wolfram
Abstract
Energy system modeling has a central role in assessing the future energy system and helping policy makers to set targets and subsidizing mechanisms. In the years, different energy system models have been developed with the aim of supporting political decision-makers in the design of energy policies. It is relevant to compare and cross-validate these models in order to add robustness to the final results and technical feasibility of the identified transition pathways. Two main methods to compare these models exist i) comparison of the technical features and characteristics of the models and ii) comparison of the final results. While there are several reviews focusing on the comparison of models based on their technical characteristics and features, to the authors’ knowledge, no review article exists on comparison techniques based on final results. The scope of this paper is to carry out a review of existing methods and techniques to compare energy system frameworks, models, and scenario results regarding their final results.

Suggested Citation

  • Prina, Matteo Giacomo & Nastasi, Benedetto & Groppi, Daniele & Misconel, Steffi & Garcia, Davide Astiaso & Sparber, Wolfram, 2022. "Comparison methods of energy system frameworks, models and scenario results," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:167:y:2022:i:c:s1364032122006086
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112719
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032122006086
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112719?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zimmermann, Florian & Bublitz, Andreas & Keles, Dogan & Fichtner, Wolf, 2019. "Cross-border effects of capacity remuneration mechanisms: The Swiss case," Working Paper Series in Production and Energy 35, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP).
    2. Ruhnau, O. & Bucksteeg, M. & Ritter, D. & Schmitz, R. & Böttger, D. & Koch, M. & Pöstges, A. & Wiedmann, M. & Hirth, L., 2022. "Why electricity market models yield different results: Carbon pricing in a model-comparison experiment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    3. Nahmmacher, Paul & Schmid, Eva & Hirth, Lion & Knopf, Brigitte, 2016. "Carpe diem: A novel approach to select representative days for long-term power system modeling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 430-442.
    4. Kotzur, Leander & Markewitz, Peter & Robinius, Martin & Stolten, Detlef, 2018. "Time series aggregation for energy system design: Modeling seasonal storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 123-135.
    5. Hall, Lisa M.H. & Buckley, Alastair R., 2016. "A review of energy systems models in the UK: Prevalent usage and categorisation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 607-628.
    6. Giarola, Sara & Molar-Cruz, Anahi & Vaillancourt, Kathleen & Bahn, Olivier & Sarmiento, Luis & Hawkes, Adam & Brown, Maxwell, 2021. "The role of energy storage in the uptake of renewable energy: A model comparison approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    7. Gils, Hans Christian & Pregger, Thomas & Flachsbarth, Franziska & Jentsch, Mareike & Dierstein, Constantin, 2019. "Comparison of spatially and temporally resolved energy system models with a focus on Germany's future power supply," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    8. Gacitua, L. & Gallegos, P. & Henriquez-Auba, R. & Lorca, Á. & Negrete-Pincetic, M. & Olivares, D. & Valenzuela, A. & Wenzel, G., 2018. "A comprehensive review on expansion planning: Models and tools for energy policy analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 346-360.
    9. van Ouwerkerk, Jonas & Hainsch, Karlo & Candas, Soner & Muschner, Christoph & Buchholz, Stefanie & Günther, Stephan & Huyskens, Hendrik & Berendes, Sarah & Löffler, Konstantin & Bußar, Christian & Tar, 2022. "Comparing open source power system models - A case study focusing on fundamental modeling parameters for the German energy transition," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    10. Diaz, Gabriel & Inzunza, Andrés & Moreno, Rodrigo, 2019. "The importance of time resolution, operational flexibility and risk aversion in quantifying the value of energy storage in long-term energy planning studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 797-812.
    11. Connolly, D. & Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V. & Leahy, M., 2010. "A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(4), pages 1059-1082, April.
    12. Deane, J.P. & Chiodi, Alessandro & Gargiulo, Maurizio & Ó Gallachóir, Brian P., 2012. "Soft-linking of a power systems model to an energy systems model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 303-312.
    13. Pfenninger, Stefan, 2017. "Dealing with multiple decades of hourly wind and PV time series in energy models: A comparison of methods to reduce time resolution and the planning implications of inter-annual variability," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 1-13.
    14. Ruhnau, Oliver & Bannik, Sergej & Otten, Sydney & Praktiknjo, Aaron & Robinius, Martin, 2019. "Direct or indirect electrification? A review of heat generation and road transport decarbonisation scenarios for Germany 2050," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 989-999.
    15. Prina, Matteo Giacomo & Manzolini, Giampaolo & Moser, David & Nastasi, Benedetto & Sparber, Wolfram, 2020. "Classification and challenges of bottom-up energy system models - A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    16. Savvidis, Georgios & Siala, Kais & Weissbart, Christoph & Schmidt, Lukas & Borggrefe, Frieder & Kumar, Subhash & Pittel, Karen & Madlener, Reinhard & Hufendiek, Kai, 2019. "The gap between energy policy challenges and model capabilities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 503-520.
    17. Ringkjøb, Hans-Kristian & Haugan, Peter M. & Solbrekke, Ida Marie, 2018. "A review of modelling tools for energy and electricity systems with large shares of variable renewables," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 440-459.
    18. Vaillancourt, Kathleen & Bahn, Olivier & Frenette, Erik & Sigvaldason, Oskar, 2017. "Exploring deep decarbonization pathways to 2050 for Canada using an optimization energy model framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 774-785.
    19. Keles, Dogan & Möst, Dominik & Fichtner, Wolf, 2011. "The development of the German energy market until 2030--A critical survey of selected scenarios," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 812-825, February.
    20. Siala, Kais & Mier, Mathias & Schmidt, Lukas & Torralba-Díaz, Laura & Sheykhha, Siamak & Savvidis, Georgios, 2022. "Which model features matter? An experimental approach to evaluate power market modeling choices," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    21. Mai, Trieu & Bistline, John & Sun, Yinong & Cole, Wesley & Marcy, Cara & Namovicz, Chris & Young, David, 2018. "The role of input assumptions and model structures in projections of variable renewable energy: A multi-model perspective of the U.S. electricity system," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 313-324.
    22. Schmid, Eva & Pahle, Michael & Knopf, Brigitte, 2013. "Renewable electricity generation in Germany: A meta-analysis of mitigation scenarios," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 1151-1163.
    23. van Ouwerkerk, Jonas & Gils, Hans Christian & Gardian, Hedda & Kittel, Martin & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Zerrahn, Alexander & Murmann, Alexander & Launer, Jann & Torralba-Díaz, Laura & Bußar, Christian, 2022. "Impacts of power sector model features on optimal capacity expansion: A comparative study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    24. Brown, T. & Schlachtberger, D. & Kies, A. & Schramm, S. & Greiner, M., 2018. "Synergies of sector coupling and transmission reinforcement in a cost-optimised, highly renewable European energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 720-739.
    25. Frew, Bethany A. & Jacobson, Mark Z., 2016. "Temporal and spatial tradeoffs in power system modeling with assumptions about storage: An application of the POWER model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(P1), pages 198-213.
    26. Gils, Hans Christian & Gardian, Hedda & Kittel, Martin & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Zerrahn, Alexander & Murmann, Alexander & Launer, Jann & Fehler, Alexander & Gaumnitz, Felix & van Ouwerkerk, Jonas & Bußa, 2022. "Modeling flexibility in energy systems — comparison of power sector models based on simplified test cases," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    27. Thimet, P.J. & Mavromatidis, G., 2022. "Review of model-based electricity system transition scenarios: An analysis for Switzerland, Germany, France, and Italy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    28. Densing, M. & Panos, E. & Hirschberg, S., 2016. "Meta-analysis of energy scenario studies: Example of electricity scenarios for Switzerland," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 998-1015.
    29. Gils, Hans Christian & Scholz, Yvonne & Pregger, Thomas & Luca de Tena, Diego & Heide, Dominik, 2017. "Integrated modelling of variable renewable energy-based power supply in Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 173-188.
    30. Xexakis, Georgios & Hansmann, Ralph & Volken, Sandra P. & Trutnevyte, Evelina, 2020. "Models on the wrong track: Model-based electricity supply scenarios in Switzerland are not aligned with the perspectives of energy experts and the public," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    31. Gils, Hans Christian & Gardian, Hedda & Kittel, Martin & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Murmann, Alexander & Launer, Jann & Gaumnitz, Felix & van Ouwerkerk, Jonas & Mikurda, Jennifer & Torralba-Díaz, Laura, 2022. "Model-related outcome differences in power system models with sector coupling—Quantification and drivers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    32. Konstantin Löffler & Karlo Hainsch & Thorsten Burandt & Pao-Yu Oei & Claudia Kemfert & Christian Von Hirschhausen, 2017. "Designing a Model for the Global Energy System—GENeSYS-MOD: An Application of the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-28, September.
    33. Pina, André & Silva, Carlos & Ferrão, Paulo, 2011. "Modeling hourly electricity dynamics for policy making in long-term scenarios," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(9), pages 4692-4702, September.
    34. Andrea Herbst & Felipe Andrés Toro & Felix Reitze & Eberhard Jochem, 2012. "Introduction to Energy Systems Modelling," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 148(II), pages 111-135, June.
    35. Oriol Raventós & Julian Bartels, 2020. "Evaluation of Temporal Complexity Reduction Techniques Applied to Storage Expansion Planning in Power System Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-18, February.
    36. Trutnevyte, Evelina, 2016. "Does cost optimization approximate the real-world energy transition?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 182-193.
    37. Ommen, Torben & Markussen, Wiebke Brix & Elmegaard, Brian, 2014. "Comparison of linear, mixed integer and non-linear programming methods in energy system dispatch modelling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 109-118.
    38. Bistline, John E. & Hodson, Elke & Rossmann, Charles G. & Creason, Jared & Murray, Brian & Barron, Alexander R., 2018. "Electric sector policy, technological change, and U.S. emissions reductions goals: Results from the EMF 32 model intercomparison project," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 307-325.
    39. Misconel, S. & Leisen, R. & Mikurda, J. & Zimmermann, F. & Fraunholz, C. & Fichtner, W. & Möst, D. & Weber, C., 2022. "Systematic comparison of high-resolution electricity system modeling approaches focusing on investment, dispatch and generation adequacy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    40. Deason, Wesley, 2018. "Comparison of 100% renewable energy system scenarios with a focus on flexibility and cost," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3168-3178.
    41. Ludig, Sylvie & Haller, Markus & Schmid, Eva & Bauer, Nico, 2011. "Fluctuating renewables in a long-term climate change mitigation strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 6674-6685.
    42. David Ritter & Roland Meyer & Matthias Koch & Markus Haller & Dierk Bauknecht & Christoph Heinemann, 2019. "Effects of a Delayed Expansion of Interconnector Capacities in a High RES-E European Electricity System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-32, August.
    43. Lund, Henrik & Duić, Neven & Krajac˘ić, Goran & Graça Carvalho, Maria da, 2007. "Two energy system analysis models: A comparison of methodologies and results," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 948-954.
    44. Priesmann, Jan & Nolting, Lars & Praktiknjo, Aaron, 2019. "Are complex energy system models more accurate? An intra-model comparison of power system optimization models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    45. Cochran, Jaquelin & Mai, Trieu & Bazilian, Morgan, 2014. "Meta-analysis of high penetration renewable energy scenarios," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 246-253.
    46. Leuthold, Florian & Weigt, Hannes & von Hirschhausen, Christian, 2008. "ELMOD - A Model of the European Electricity Market," MPRA Paper 65660, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    47. Lunz, Benedikt & Stöcker, Philipp & Eckstein, Sascha & Nebel, Arjuna & Samadi, Sascha & Erlach, Berit & Fischedick, Manfred & Elsner, Peter & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2016. "Scenario-based comparative assessment of potential future electricity systems – A new methodological approach using Germany in 2050 as an example," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 555-580.
    48. Poncelet, Kris & Delarue, Erik & Six, Daan & Duerinck, Jan & D’haeseleer, William, 2016. "Impact of the level of temporal and operational detail in energy-system planning models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 631-643.
    49. Steffi Schreiber & Christoph Zöphel & Dominik Möst, 2021. "Optimal Energy Portfolios in the Electricity Sector: Trade-Offs and Interplay Between Different Flexibility Options," Springer Books, in: Dominik Möst & Steffi Schreiber & Andrea Herbst & Martin Jakob & Angelo Martino & Witold-Roger Pogan (ed.), The Future European Energy System, chapter 0, pages 177-198, Springer.
    50. Teichgraeber, Holger & Brandt, Adam R., 2019. "Clustering methods to find representative periods for the optimization of energy systems: An initial framework and comparison," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1283-1293.
    51. Haydt, Gustavo & Leal, Vítor & Pina, André & Silva, Carlos A., 2011. "The relevance of the energy resource dynamics in the mid/long-term energy planning models," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 3068-3074.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Marcin Pluta & Artur Wyrwa & Janusz Zyśk & Wojciech Suwała & Maciej Raczyński, 2023. "Scenario Analysis of the Development of the Polish Power System towards Achieving Climate Neutrality in 2050," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-25, August.
    2. Addanki, Thushara & Cadavid Isaza, Andrea & de la Rúa, Cristina & Odersky, Leonhard & Hamacher, Thomas, 2024. "Impuls-urbs: Integration of life cycle assessment into energy system models," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    3. Lv, Fei & Wu, Qiong & Ren, Hongbo & Zhou, Weisheng & Li, Qifen, 2024. "On the design and analysis of long-term low-carbon roadmaps: A review and evaluation of available energy-economy-environment models," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    2. Siala, Kais & Mier, Mathias & Schmidt, Lukas & Torralba-Díaz, Laura & Sheykhha, Siamak & Savvidis, Georgios, 2022. "Which model features matter? An experimental approach to evaluate power market modeling choices," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    3. Maximilian Hoffmann & Leander Kotzur & Detlef Stolten & Martin Robinius, 2020. "A Review on Time Series Aggregation Methods for Energy System Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-61, February.
    4. Gils, Hans Christian & Gardian, Hedda & Kittel, Martin & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Murmann, Alexander & Launer, Jann & Gaumnitz, Felix & van Ouwerkerk, Jonas & Mikurda, Jennifer & Torralba-Díaz, Laura, 2022. "Model-related outcome differences in power system models with sector coupling—Quantification and drivers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    5. Prina, Matteo Giacomo & Manzolini, Giampaolo & Moser, David & Nastasi, Benedetto & Sparber, Wolfram, 2020. "Classification and challenges of bottom-up energy system models - A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    6. Heggarty, Thomas & Bourmaud, Jean-Yves & Girard, Robin & Kariniotakis, Georges, 2024. "Assessing the relative impacts of maximum investment rate and temporal detail in capacity expansion models applied to power systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    7. Thomas Heggarty & Jean-Yves Bourmaud & Robin Girard & Georges Kariniotakis, 2024. "Assessing the relative impacts of maximum investment rate and temporal detail in capacity expansion models applied to power systems," Post-Print hal-04383397, HAL.
    8. Haugen, Mari & Blaisdell-Pijuan, Paris L. & Botterud, Audun & Levin, Todd & Zhou, Zhi & Belsnes, Michael & Korpås, Magnus & Somani, Abhishek, 2024. "Power market models for the clean energy transition: State of the art and future research needs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    9. Martínez-Gordón, R. & Morales-España, G. & Sijm, J. & Faaij, A.P.C., 2021. "A review of the role of spatial resolution in energy systems modelling: Lessons learned and applicability to the North Sea region," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    10. Gils, Hans Christian & Gardian, Hedda & Kittel, Martin & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Zerrahn, Alexander & Murmann, Alexander & Launer, Jann & Fehler, Alexander & Gaumnitz, Felix & van Ouwerkerk, Jonas & Bußa, 2022. "Modeling flexibility in energy systems — comparison of power sector models based on simplified test cases," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    11. van Ouwerkerk, Jonas & Gils, Hans Christian & Gardian, Hedda & Kittel, Martin & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Zerrahn, Alexander & Murmann, Alexander & Launer, Jann & Torralba-Díaz, Laura & Bußar, Christian, 2022. "Impacts of power sector model features on optimal capacity expansion: A comparative study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    12. Gorman, Nicholas & MacGill, Iain & Bruce, Anna, 2024. "Re-dispatch simplification analysis: Confirmation holism and assessing the impact of simplifications on energy system model performance," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
    13. Chang, Miguel & Thellufsen, Jakob Zink & Zakeri, Behnam & Pickering, Bryn & Pfenninger, Stefan & Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg, 2021. "Trends in tools and approaches for modelling the energy transition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    14. Heinisch, Verena & Dujardin, Jérôme & Gabrielli, Paolo & Jain, Pranjal & Lehning, Michael & Sansavini, Giovanni & Sasse, Jan-Philipp & Schaffner, Christian & Schwarz, Marius & Trutnevyte, Evelina, 2023. "Inter-comparison of spatial models for high shares of renewable electricity in Switzerland," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    15. Teichgraeber, Holger & Brandt, Adam R., 2022. "Time-series aggregation for the optimization of energy systems: Goals, challenges, approaches, and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    16. Borasio, M. & Moret, S., 2022. "Deep decarbonisation of regional energy systems: A novel modelling approach and its application to the Italian energy transition," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    17. Yazdanie, M. & Orehounig, K., 2021. "Advancing urban energy system planning and modeling approaches: Gaps and solutions in perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    18. Hoffmann, Maximilian & Priesmann, Jan & Nolting, Lars & Praktiknjo, Aaron & Kotzur, Leander & Stolten, Detlef, 2021. "Typical periods or typical time steps? A multi-model analysis to determine the optimal temporal aggregation for energy system models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    19. Hoffmann, Maximilian & Kotzur, Leander & Stolten, Detlef, 2022. "The Pareto-optimal temporal aggregation of energy system models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
    20. Vaccaro, Roberto & Rocco, Matteo V., 2021. "Quantifying the impact of low carbon transition scenarios at regional level through soft-linked energy and economy models: The case of South-Tyrol Province in Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:167:y:2022:i:c:s1364032122006086. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.