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Environmental regulation and corporate R&D investment—evidence from a quasi-natural experiment

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  • Huang, Jingchang
  • Zhao, Jing
  • Cao, June
Abstract
The question of whether environmental regulation stimulates innovation activities has long been important and controversial. This study explores an ideal setting, the low-carbon city pilot program conducted by the Chinese government as a quasi-natural experiment to address this question. We conduct a difference-in-differences approach to analyze the impact of environment regulation on R&D investment. We find that the program’s adoption has led to an increase in R&D investment of 0.145% as a percentage of total assets and 0.273% as a percentage of sales, indicating a positive effect of environmental regulation on R&D expenditures. The increase in R&D expenditures is greater for firms experiencing a larger increase in government subsidies, a greater decline in corporate tax or a greater improvement in financial condition following the low-carbon pilot program. A series of robustness tests support a causal interpretation of our findings and indicate that the observed effect of the low-carbon pilot program on corporate R&D investment is unlikely driven by chance. Our results provide in-depth insights into the economic consequences of low-carbon regulation policies which could be of interest to academic researchers and policymakers.

Suggested Citation

  • Huang, Jingchang & Zhao, Jing & Cao, June, 2021. "Environmental regulation and corporate R&D investment—evidence from a quasi-natural experiment," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 154-174.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:72:y:2021:i:c:p:154-174
    DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2020.11.018
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    Cited by:

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    2. Zhuanlan Sun & Demi Zhu, 2023. "Investigating environmental regulation effects on technological innovation: A meta-regression analysis," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(3), pages 463-492, May.
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    5. Bowen Xiao & Chengyao Xu, 2023. "Can Policy Instruments Achieve Synergies in Mitigating Air Pollution and CO 2 Emissions in the Transportation Sector?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-24, October.
    6. Huang, Jingchang & Cao, June & Hasan, Tahseen & Zhao, Jing, 2021. "Low-carbon city initiatives and firm risk: A quasi-natural experiment in China," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    7. Chen, Guifu & Wei, Boyu, 2024. "Low-carbon city pilots and site selection for migrant employment: Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    8. Wang, En-Ze & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2022. "The impact of clean energy consumption on economic growth in China: Is environmental regulation a curse or a blessing?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 39-58.
    9. Li, Wei & Cheng, Huihui & He, Junhe & Song, Yufei & Bu, Hui, 2024. "The impacts of green credit policy on green innovation of high-polluting enterprises in China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 62(PA).
    10. Wang, Yong & Song, Chunyang & Wang, Wenhao, 2023. "Suppliers’ decision on green innovation: A response to customers’ environmental regulation," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PA).
    11. Cao, June & Li, Wenwen & Bilokha, Alona, 2022. "Low-carbon city initiatives and analyst behaviour: A quasi-natural experiment," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    12. Liu, Xing & Liu, Fengzhong, 2022. "Environmental regulation and corporate financial asset allocation: A natural experiment from the new environmental protection law in China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PA).
    13. Yang, Zhenbing & Chen, Zhuo & Shao, Shuai & Yang, Lili, 2022. "Can housing price regulation improve R&D performance in universities? Evidence from China," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 82(PA).
    14. Zhao, Jing & Huang, Jingchang & Liu, Feng, 2023. "Green credit policy and investment-cash flow sensitivity: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    15. Li, Wei & Hao, Ni & Lu, Can, 2023. "A PVAR dynamic correlation appraisal of China’s carbon emissions in conjunction with economic growth and clean energy use," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    16. Liu, Guixian & Sun, Wei & Kong, Zhaoyang & Dong, Xiucheng & Jiang, Qingzhe, 2023. "Did the pollution charge system promote or inhibit innovation? Evidence from Chinese micro-enterprises," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    17. Huo, Weidong & Qi, Jie & Yang, Tong & Liu, Jialu & Liu, Miaomiao & Zhou, Ziqi, 2022. "Effects of China's pilot low-carbon city policy on carbon emission reduction: A quasi-natural experiment based on satellite data," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    18. Cao, June & Li, Wenwen & Hasan, Iftekhar, 2023. "The impact of lowering carbon emissions on corporate labour investment: A quasi-natural experiment," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Environmental regulation; Corporate R&D investment; Low-carbon pilot program;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D72 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • G38 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • O32 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
    • Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy

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