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Gender inequalities, intimate partner violence and HIV preventive practices: findings of a South African cross-sectional study

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  • Jewkes, Rachel K.
  • Levin, Jonathan B.
  • Penn-Kekana, Loveday A.
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to investigate associations between a range of markers of gender inequity, including financial, psychological and physical violence, and two proximal practices in HIV prevention, namely discussion of HIV between partners and the woman suggesting condom use. The paper presents an analysis of data from a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of women from three South African Provinces which was primarily undertaken as an epidemiological study of gender-based violence. A multi-stage sampling design was used with clusters sampled with probability proportional to number of households. Households were randomly selected from within clusters. One randomly selected woman aged 18-49 years was interviewed in each selected home. One thousand three hundred and six women were interviewed (90.3% of eligible women). One thousand one hundred sixty four women had a partner in the previous year and were asked questions related to HIV prevention and gender inequalities in the relationship. The results indicate that discussion of HIV was significantly positively associated with education, living in Mpumalanga Province, the man being a migrant, the woman having multiple partners in the past year and having no confidante. It was significantly negatively associated with living in the Northern Province, the relationship being poor and there being a substantial age difference between partners. The woman suggesting condom use was significantly positively associated with her education, her having multiple partners, domestic violence prior to the past year and financial abuse. It was negatively associated with the relationship being poor. We conclude that this suggests that some indicators of gender inequalities are significantly associated with discussion of HIV and condom use but the direction of association found was both positive and negative. This highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of gender inequalities and their relationship to HIV risk. Suggestions for key research questions are made.

Suggested Citation

  • Jewkes, Rachel K. & Levin, Jonathan B. & Penn-Kekana, Loveday A., 2003. "Gender inequalities, intimate partner violence and HIV preventive practices: findings of a South African cross-sectional study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 56(1), pages 125-134, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:56:y:2003:i:1:p:125-134
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    Cited by:

    1. Burke, Holly McClain & Packer, Catherine & González-Calvo, Lázaro & Ridgeway, Kathleen & Lenzi, Rachel & Green, Ann F. & Moon, Troy D., 2019. "A longitudinal qualitative evaluation of an economic and social empowerment intervention to reduce girls’ vulnerability to HIV in rural Mozambique," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    2. Kidman, Rachel & Palermo, Tia & Bertrand, Jane, 2015. "Intimate partner violence, modern contraceptive use and conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 2-10.
    3. Yeboah, Ian E.A., 2007. "HIV/AIDS and the construction of Sub-Saharan Africa: Heuristic lessons from the social sciences for policy," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(5), pages 1128-1150, March.
    4. Sophie J S Pascoe & Lisa F Langhaug & Webster Mavhu & James Hargreaves & Shabbar Jaffar & Richard Hayes & Frances M Cowan, 2015. "Poverty, Food Insufficiency and HIV Infection and Sexual Behaviour among Young Rural Zimbabwean Women," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(1), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Poulin, Michelle, 2007. "Sex, money, and premarital partnerships in southern Malawi," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 65(11), pages 2383-2393, December.
    6. Ruchira Tabassum Naved & Mahfuz Al Mamun & Kausar Parvin & Samantha Willan & Andrew Gibbs & Marat Yu & Rachel Jewkes, 2018. "Magnitude and correlates of intimate partner violence against female garment workers from selected factories in Bangladesh," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(11), pages 1-22, November.
    7. Stadler, Jonathan J. & Delany, Sinead & Mntambo, Mdu, 2008. "Women's perceptions and experiences of HIV prevention trials in Soweto, South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 189-200, January.
    8. Sara Saeieh & Alireza Nasrabadi & Abbas Ebadi & Zahra Moghadam & Minoo Mohraz & Zahra Jozani & Elham Rezaei, 2016. "Contraception Use among Iranian Women With HIV: A Qualitative Study," Global Journal of Health Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 8(1), pages 199-199, January.
    9. Roya Azizian & Bagher Saroukhani & Mahmod Mahmodi & Fereshteh Farzianpour, 2016. "Violence against Women: A Study of Underlying Factors in Tehran Forensic Center 2001," Global Journal of Health Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 8(12), pages 1-68, December.
    10. Fatima Zahra & Nicole Haberland & Stephanie Psaki, 2022. "PROTOCOL: Causal mechanisms linking education with fertility, HIV, and child mortality: A systematic review," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(2), June.
    11. Ibrahim Kasirye, 2016. "HIV/AIDS Sero-prevalence and Socio-economic Status: Evidence from Uganda," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 28(3), pages 304-318, September.
    12. Leah Emily James & Courtney Welton-Mitchell & Saja Michael & Fajar Santoadi & Sharifah Shakirah & Hasnah Hussin & Mohammed Anwar & Lama Kilzar & Alexander James, 2021. "Development and Testing of a Community-Based Intervention to Address Intimate Partner Violence among Rohingya and Syrian Refugees: A Social Norms-Based Mental Health-Integrated Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-25, November.
    13. Orner, Phyllis & Harries, Jane & Cooper, Diane & Moodley, Jennifer & Hoffman, Margaret & Becker, Julie & McGrory, Elizabeth & Dabash, Rasha & Bracken, Hillary, 2006. "Challenges to microbicide introduction in South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(4), pages 968-978, August.
    14. Burke, Holly McClain & Field, Samuel & González-Calvo, Lázaro & Eichleay, Margaret A. & Moon, Troy D., 2019. "Quasi-experimental evaluation using confirmatory procedures: A case study of an economic and social empowerment intervention to reduce girls’ vulnerability to HIV in rural Mozambique," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    15. Peretti-Watel, P. & Spire, B. & Schiltz, M.A. & Bouhnik, A.D. & Heard, I. & Lert, F. & Obadia, Y., 2006. "Vulnerability, unsafe sex and non-adherence to HAART: Evidence from a large sample of French HIV/AIDS outpatients," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(10), pages 2420-2433, May.
    16. Thabang Manyaapelo & Anam Nyembezi & Robert A. C. Ruiter & Bart Van den Borne & Sibusiso Sifunda & Priscilla Reddy, 2017. "Understanding the Psychosocial Correlates of the Intention to Use Condoms among Young Men in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, March.
    17. Saavedra Facusse,Trinidad Berenice & Contreras Urbina,Juan Manuel & Inchauste Comboni,Maria Gabriela, 2022. "Intimate Partner Violence against Women : Prevalence, Formal Reporting, and Risk Factors in Chile," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10016, The World Bank.
    18. Uthman, Olalekan Abdulrahman & Moradi, Tahereh & Lawoko, Stephen, 2009. "The independent contribution of individual-, neighbourhood-, and country-level socioeconomic position on attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel m," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(10), pages 1801-1809, May.
    19. Yanqi Wu & Jie Chen & Hui Fang & Yuehua Wan, 2020. "Intimate Partner Violence: A Bibliometric Review of Literature," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-17, August.
    20. Marielle Aulagnier & Wendy Janssens & Ingrid De Beer & Gert van Rooy & Esegiel Gaeb & Cees Hesp & Jacques van der Gaag & Tobias F Rinke de Wit, 2011. "Incidence of HIV in Windhoek, Namibia: Demographic and Socio-Economic Associations," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(10), pages 1-9, October.
    21. Poulin, Michelle & Dovel, Kathryn & Watkins, Susan Cotts, 2016. "Men with Money and the “Vulnerable Women” Client Category in an AIDS Epidemic," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 16-30.

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