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Bank lines of credit as contingent liquidity: Covenant violations and their implications

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  • Acharya, Viral
  • Almeida, Heitor
  • Ippolito, Filippo
  • Orive, Ander Perez
Abstract
We examine the relation between banks’ liquidity risk and their willingness to supply capital to borrowers under previously committed credit lines. We show that during the collapse of the asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) market in the last quarter of 2007 and the first half of 2008, banks with higher exposure to ABCP conduits renegotiated significantly tougher conditions on the outstanding credit lines offered to borrowers in violation of a covenant. Specifically, we find that borrowers faced higher spreads over the prime rate and LIBOR as well as higher commitment fees on undrawn amounts. Our paper suggests that an increase in lender liquidity risk can bear financial implications for firms that use credit lines as an instrument of liquidity management.

Suggested Citation

  • Acharya, Viral & Almeida, Heitor & Ippolito, Filippo & Orive, Ander Perez, 2020. "Bank lines of credit as contingent liquidity: Covenant violations and their implications," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinin:v:44:y:2020:i:c:s1042957319300191
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfi.2019.03.004
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    Cited by:

    1. Mario Cerrato & Hormoz Ramian & Shengfeng Mei, 2022. "European firms, Panic Borrowing and Credit Lines Drawdowns: What did we learn from the COVID-19 shock? (updated version February 2023)," Working Papers 2022_12, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
    2. Modina, Michele & Pietrovito, Filomena & Gallucci, Carmen & Formisano, Vincenzo, 2023. "Predicting SMEs’ default risk: Evidence from bank-firm relationship data," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 254-268.
    3. Howes, Cooper, 2022. "Why does structural change accelerate in recessions? The credit reallocation channel," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(3), pages 933-952.
    4. Mario Cerrato & Hormoz Ramian & Shengfeng Mei, 2023. "European firms,Panic Borrowing and Credit Lines Drawdowns: What did we learn from the COVID-19 Shock?," Working Papers 2023_05, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
    5. Wenlian Gao & Feifei Zhu & Kai Chen, 2023. "The role of bank lenders in firm leverage adjustments," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 46(1), pages 63-97, February.
    6. Kevin F. Kiernan & Vladimir Yankov & Filip Zikes, 2021. "Liquidity Provision and Co-insurance in Bank Syndicates," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021-060, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    7. Rauf, Asad, 2023. "Bank stability and the price of loan commitments," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    8. Tut, Daniel, 2021. "Cash Holdings and Firm-Level Exposure to Epidemic Diseases," MPRA Paper 109704, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Jennifer Betz & Maximilian Nagl & Daniel Rösch, 2022. "Credit line exposure at default modelling using Bayesian mixed effect quantile regression," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 185(4), pages 2035-2072, October.
    10. Mario Cerrato & Paolo Coccorese & Xuan Zhang, 2022. "Default Risk and the Cross-Section of UK Insurance Firms’ Returns," Working Papers 2022_07, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
    11. Polina Popova, 2024. "COVID-19, Corporate Non-performing Loans, and Corporate Lending Dynamics: Evidence from Russian Regions," HSE Working papers WP BRP 93/FE/2024, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
    12. Gabriel Chodorow‐Reich & Antonio Falato, 2022. "The Loan Covenant Channel: How Bank Health Transmits to the Real Economy," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 77(1), pages 85-128, February.
    13. Amon Simba & Mahdi Tajeddin & Léo-Paul Dana & Domingo E. Ribeiro Soriano, 2024. "Deconstructing involuntary financial exclusion: a focus on African SMEs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 62(1), pages 285-305, January.
    14. Paul Pelzl & María Teresa, 2023. "Capital Regulations and the Management of Credit Commitments during Crisis Times," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 27(5), pages 1781-1821.
    15. Richard Brody & Matias Sokolowski & Reilly White, 2021. "The Potential for Biases in Resolving Loan Problems," International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies, Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 10(3), pages 57-66, July.
    16. Viral V. Acharya & Heitor Almeida & Filippo Ippolito & Ander Perez‐Orive, 2021. "Credit Lines and the Liquidity Insurance Channel," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 53(5), pages 901-938, August.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Lines of credit; Bank liquidity; Covenant violations;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • E22 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

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