[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jfinec/v118y2015i3p620-635.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A theory of risk capital

Author

Listed:
  • Erel, Isil
  • Myers, Stewart C.
  • Read, James A.
Abstract
We present a theory of risk capital and of how tax and other costs of risk capital should be allocated in a financial firm. Risk capital is equity investment that backs obligations to creditors and other liability holders and maintains the firm׳s credit quality. Credit quality is measured by the ratio of the value of the firm׳s option to default to the default-­free value of its liabilities. Marginal default values provide a full and unique allocation of risk capital. Efficient capital allocations maintain credit quality and preclude risk shifting. Our theory leads to an adjusted present value (APV) criterion for making investment and contracting decisions. We set out implications for risk management and corporate finance.

Suggested Citation

  • Erel, Isil & Myers, Stewart C. & Read, James A., 2015. "A theory of risk capital," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(3), pages 620-635.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:118:y:2015:i:3:p:620-635
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.006
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X14002153
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.006?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Robert C. Merton, 1997. "A Model of Contract Guarantees for Credit-Sensitive, Opaque Financial Intermediaries," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 1(1), pages 1-13.
    2. Edward Zaik & John Walter & Gabriela Retting & Christopher James, 1996. "Raroc At Bank Of America: From Theory To Practice," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 9(2), pages 83-93, June.
    3. Myers, Stewart C, 1974. "Interactions of Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions-Implications for Capital Budgeting," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 29(1), pages 1-25, March.
    4. Kenneth A. Froot, 2007. "Risk Management, Capital Budgeting, and Capital Structure Policy for Insurers and Reinsurers," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 74(2), pages 273-299, June.
    5. Lewellen, Wilbur G, 1971. "A Pure Financial Rationale for the Conglomerate Merger," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 26(2), pages 521-537, May.
    6. Robert C. Merton & André Perold, 1993. "Theory Of Risk Capital In Financial Firms," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 6(3), pages 16-32, September.
    7. Gordy, Michael B., 2003. "A risk-factor model foundation for ratings-based bank capital rules," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 12(3), pages 199-232, July.
    8. Stoughton, Neal M. & Zechner, Josef, 2007. "Optimal capital allocation using RAROC(TM) and EVA(R)," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 312-342, July.
    9. Helmut Gründl & Hato Schmeiser, 2007. "Capital Allocation for Insurance Companies—What Good IS IT?," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 74(2), pages 301-317, June.
    10. Froot, Kenneth A. & Stein, Jeremy C., 1998. "Risk management, capital budgeting, and capital structure policy for financial institutions: an integrated approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 55-82, January.
    11. Philippe Artzner & Freddy Delbaen & Jean‐Marc Eber & David Heath, 1999. "Coherent Measures of Risk," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(3), pages 203-228, July.
    12. André F. Perold, 2005. "Capital Allocation in Financial Firms," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 17(3), pages 110-118, June.
    13. George Zanjani, 2010. "An Economic Approach to Capital Allocation," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 77(3), pages 523-549, September.
    14. Stoughton, Neal & Zechner, Josef, 1999. "Optimal Capital Allocation Using RAROC And EVA," CEPR Discussion Papers 2344, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Peter Brusov & Tatiana Filatova & Natali Orekhova, 2023. "Capital Structure Theory: Past, Present, Future," Springer Books, in: The Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory of Capital Structure, chapter 0, pages 9-50, Springer.
    2. Stuart M. Turnbull, 2018. "Capital Allocation in Decentralized Businesses," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-11, November.
    3. Mitra, Sovan, 2017. "Efficient option risk measurement with reduced model risk," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 163-174.
    4. Daniel Bauer & George Zanjani, 2016. "The Marginal Cost of Risk, Risk Measures, and Capital Allocation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 62(5), pages 1431-1457, May.
    5. Lamont K. Black & Ioannis Floros & Rajdeep Sengupta, 2016. "Raising capital when the going gets tough: U.S. bank equity issuance from 2001 to 2014," Research Working Paper RWP 16-5, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
    6. Damiano Brigo & Marco Francischello & Andrea Pallavicini, 2017. "An indifference approach to the cost of capital constraints: KVA and beyond," Papers 1708.05319, arXiv.org.
    7. Wang, Wei & Xu, Huifu & Ma, Tiejun, 2023. "Optimal scenario-dependent multivariate shortfall risk measure and its application in risk capital allocation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(1), pages 322-347.
    8. Goel, Tirupam & Lewrick, Ulf & Tarashev, Nikola, 2020. "Bank capital allocation under multiple constraints," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    9. Hirbod Assa & Manuel Morales & Hassan Omidi Firouzi, 2016. "On the Capital Allocation Problem for a New Coherent Risk Measure in Collective Risk Theory," Risks, MDPI, vol. 4(3), pages 1-20, August.
    10. Isil Erel & Stewart C. Myers & James A. Read, 2021. "Risk Capital: Theory and Applications," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 33(1), pages 8-21, March.
    11. Peter Vaz da Fonseca & Andrea Decourt Savelli & Michele Nascimento Juca, 2020. "A Systematic Review of the Influence of Taxation on Corporate Capital Structure," International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), vol. 0(2), pages 155-178.
    12. Bauer, Daniel & Zanjani, George, 2021. "Economic capital and RAROC in a dynamic model," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    13. Kang, Woo-Young & Poshakwale, Sunil, 2019. "A new approach to optimal capital allocation for RORAC maximization in banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 153-165.
    14. Gómez, Fabio & Tang, Qihe & Tong, Zhiwei, 2022. "The gradient allocation principle based on the higher moment risk measure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    15. Stephen J. Mildenhall, 2017. "Actuarial Geometry," Risks, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-44, June.
    16. Sunday S. Akpan & Fauziah Mahat & Bany-Ariffin Noordin & Annuar Nassir, 2017. "Contrasting the Effect of Risk- and Non Risk-Based Capital Structure on Insurers’ Performance in Nigeria," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-17, November.
    17. Aigner, Philipp & Schlütter, Sebastian, 2023. "Enhancing gradient capital allocation with orthogonal convexity scenarios," ICIR Working Paper Series 47/23, Goethe University Frankfurt, International Center for Insurance Regulation (ICIR).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Isil Erel & Stewart C. Myers & James A. Read, 2021. "Risk Capital: Theory and Applications," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 33(1), pages 8-21, March.
    2. Kang, Woo-Young & Poshakwale, Sunil, 2019. "A new approach to optimal capital allocation for RORAC maximization in banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 153-165.
    3. Baule, Rainer, 2014. "Allocation of risk capital on an internal market," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 234(1), pages 186-196.
    4. Daniel Bauer & George Zanjani, 2016. "The Marginal Cost of Risk, Risk Measures, and Capital Allocation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 62(5), pages 1431-1457, May.
    5. Joël Bessis, 2009. "Risk Management in Banking," Post-Print hal-00494876, HAL.
    6. Björn Häckel, 2010. "Risikoadjustierte Wertbeiträge zur ex ante Entscheidungsunterstützung: Ein axiomatischer Ansatz," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 81-108, June.
    7. Dionne, Georges & Harrington, Scott, 2017. "Insurance and Insurance Markets," Working Papers 17-2, HEC Montreal, Canada Research Chair in Risk Management.
    8. Buch, Arne & Dorfleitner, Gregor & Wimmer, Maximilian, 2011. "Risk capital allocation for RORAC optimization," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 3001-3009, November.
    9. George Zanjani, 2010. "An Economic Approach to Capital Allocation," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 77(3), pages 523-549, September.
    10. Mierzejewski, Fernando, 2008. "The Allocation of Economic Capital in Opaque Financial Conglomerates," MPRA Paper 9432, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Ishikawa, Tatsuya & Yamai, Yasuhiro & Ieda, Akira, 2003. "On the Risk Capital Framework of Financial Institutions," Monetary and Economic Studies, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, vol. 21(3), pages 83-105, October.
    12. Stoughton, Neal M. & Zechner, Josef, 2007. "Optimal capital allocation using RAROC(TM) and EVA(R)," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 312-342, July.
    13. Goel, Tirupam & Lewrick, Ulf & Tarashev, Nikola, 2020. "Bank capital allocation under multiple constraints," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    14. Homburg, Carsten & Scherpereel, Peter, 2008. "How should the cost of joint risk capital be allocated for performance measurement?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 187(1), pages 208-227, May.
    15. Alistair Milne & Mario Onorato, 2012. "Risk†Adjusted Measures of Value Creation in Financial Institutions," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 18(4), pages 578-601, September.
    16. Stephen J. Mildenhall, 2017. "Actuarial Geometry," Risks, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-44, June.
    17. Victoria Geyfman, 2005. "Risk-adjusted performance measures at bank holding companies with section 20 subsidiaries," Working Papers 05-26, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    18. Mierzejewski, Fernando, 2006. "Economic capital allocation under liquidity constraints," MPRA Paper 2414, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Magni, Carlo Alberto, 2009. "Splitting up value: A critical review of residual income theories," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 198(1), pages 1-22, October.
    20. Wang, Wei & Xu, Huifu & Ma, Tiejun, 2023. "Optimal scenario-dependent multivariate shortfall risk measure and its application in risk capital allocation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(1), pages 322-347.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Capital allocation; Cash capital; Investment decisions; VaR; RAROC;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G22 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:118:y:2015:i:3:p:620-635. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/505576 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.