[go: up one dir, main page]

IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/iburev/v29y2020i3s0969593120300135.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Cultural differences and synergy realization in cross-border acquisitions

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Daojuan
  • Hain, Daniel S.
  • Larimo, Jorma
  • Dao, Li T.
Abstract
Research on cross-border acquisitions (CBAs) consistently recognizes the importance of cultural differences, yet it lacks consensus on whether it has a positive or negative impact. While tied to the purpose and consequences of an acquisition, synergy realization has not received much attention in research on culture-performance relationship. Focusing on synergy realization in CBAs and applying a process and conditional perspective, we propose the relationship between national/ organizational culture differences and synergy realization to be moderated by the quality and extent of due diligence and post-acquisition coordination. Drawing from cross-cultural interaction and inter-organizational learning arguments, we further propose idiosyncratic effects of cultural differences in different synergy realization contexts, where we contrast explicit with implicit synergy realization. Our analysis is based on a unique survey on a sample of 103 cross-border acquisitions. The results indicate that both national and organizational culture differences exert a negative impact on the realization of implicit synergies while no impact on the realization of explicit synergies. National culture differences are found to have a stronger negative effect than organizational culture differences on synergy realization. Sufficient culture and human due diligence prior to the acquisition is found to significantly moderate the impact of high cultural differences.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Daojuan & Hain, Daniel S. & Larimo, Jorma & Dao, Li T., 2020. "Cultural differences and synergy realization in cross-border acquisitions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(3).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:iburev:v:29:y:2020:i:3:s0969593120300135
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101675
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969593120300135
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101675?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. ,, 2001. "Problems And Solutions," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 17(6), pages 1157-1160, December.
    2. Abhirup Chakrabarti & Will Mitchell, 2016. "The role of geographic distance in completing related acquisitions: Evidence from U.S. chemical manufacturers," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(4), pages 673-694, April.
    3. Oded Shenkar, 2001. "Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 32(3), pages 519-535, September.
    4. Arjen H L Slangen & Jean-François Hennart, 2008. "Do multinationals really prefer to enter culturally distant countries through greenfields rather than through acquisitions? The role of parent experience and subsidiary autonomy," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(3), pages 472-490, April.
    5. Michael Lubatkin & William S. Schulze & Avinash Mainkar & Ronald W. Cotterill, 2001. "Ecological investigation of firm effects in horizontal mergers," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(4), pages 335-357, April.
    6. Gunkel, Marjaana & Schlaegel, Christopher & Rossteutscher, Tobias & Wolff, Birgitta, 2015. "The human aspect of cross-border acquisition outcomes: The role of management practices, employee emotions, and national culture," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 394-408.
    7. Mayer, Thierry & Zignago, Soledad, 2006. "Notes on CEPII’s distances measures," MPRA Paper 26469, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Fang, Tony & Fridh, Camilla & Schultzberg, Sara, 2004. "Why did the Telia-Telenor merger fail?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 573-594, October.
    9. Duncan, Catriona & Mtar, Monia, 2006. "Determinants of International Acquisition Success:: Lessons from FirstGroup in North America," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 24(6), pages 396-410, December.
    10. Thomas Straub, 2007. "Reasons for Frequent Failure in Mergers and Acquisitions," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-8350-9637-0, January.
    11. Ambos, Tina C. & Ambos, Björn, 2009. "The impact of distance on knowledge transfer effectiveness in multinational corporations," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, March.
    12. Audrey Rouziès & Helene Loe Colman & Duncan Angwin, 2019. "Recasting the dynamics of post-acquisition integration: An embeddedness perspective," Post-Print hal-02281788, HAL.
    13. Brock, David M., 2005. "Multinational acquisition integration: the role of national culture in creating synergies," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 269-288, June.
    14. Yildiz, H. Emre, 2016. "“Us vs. them” or “us over them”? On the roles of similarity and status in M&As," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 51-65.
    15. ,, 2001. "Problems And Solutions," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 17(5), pages 1025-1031, October.
    16. Jensen, Morten Berg & Johnson, Bjorn & Lorenz, Edward & Lundvall, Bengt Ake, 2007. "Forms of knowledge and modes of innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 680-693, June.
    17. H Emre Yildiz & Carl F Fey, 2016. "Are the extent and effect of psychic distance perceptions symmetrical in cross-border M&As? Evidence from a two-country study," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 47(7), pages 830-857, September.
    18. Eric von Hippel, 1994. ""Sticky Information" and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(4), pages 429-439, April.
    19. Bruce Kogut & Harbir Singh, 1988. "The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 19(3), pages 411-432, September.
    20. David R. King & Dan R. Dalton & Catherine M. Daily & Jeffrey G. Covin, 2004. "Meta‐analyses of post‐acquisition performance: indications of unidentified moderators," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(2), pages 187-200, February.
    21. Anju Seth, 1990. "Value creation in acquisitions: A re‐examination of performance issues," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(2), pages 99-115, February.
    22. Armstrong, J. Scott & Overton, Terry S., 1977. "Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys," MPRA Paper 81694, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    23. Julian Birkinshaw & Henrik Bresman & Lars Håkanson, 2000. "Managing the Post‐acquisition Integration Process: How the Human Iintegration and Task Integration Processes Interact to Foster Value Creation," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(3), pages 395-425, May.
    24. Sjoerd Beugelsdijk & Tatiana Kostova & Kendall Roth, 2017. "An overview of Hofstede-inspired country-level culture research in international business since 2006," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(1), pages 30-47, January.
    25. Eero Vaara, 2003. "Post‐acquisition Integration as Sensemaking: Glimpses of Ambiguity, Confusion, Hypocrisy, and Politicization," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(4), pages 859-894, June.
    26. Luo, Yadong & Shenkar, Oded, 2011. "Toward a perspective of cultural friction in international business," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 1-14, March.
    27. Rajesh Chakrabarti & Swasti Gupta-Mukherjee & Narayanan Jayaraman, 2009. "Mars–Venus marriages: Culture and cross-border M&A," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(2), pages 216-236, February.
    28. Susan C. Schneider & Arnoud De Meyer, 1991. "Interpreting and responding to strategic issues: The impact of national culture," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(4), pages 307-320, May.
    29. Kimberly M. Ellis & Taco H. Reus & Bruce T. Lamont, 2009. "The effects of procedural and informational justice in the integration of related acquisitions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(2), pages 137-161, February.
    30. Geert Hofstede, 1983. "The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 14(2), pages 75-89, June.
    31. Henrik Bresman & Julian Birkinshaw & Robert Nobel, 1999. "Knowledge Transfer in International Acquisitions," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 30(3), pages 439-462, September.
    32. Friedrich Trautwein, 1990. "Merger motives and merger prescriptions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(4), pages 283-295, May.
    33. Bruce Kogut & Udo Zander, 1996. "What Firms Do? Coordination, Identity, and Learning," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 7(5), pages 502-518, October.
    34. Seungho Choi & Gerry McNamara, 2018. "Repeating a familiar pattern in a new way: The effect of exploitation and exploration on knowledge leverage behaviors in technology acquisitions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(2), pages 356-378, February.
    35. H. Kent Baker & Shantanu Dutta & Samir Saadi & PengCheng Zhu, 2012. "Are Good Performers Bad Acquirers?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 41(1), pages 95-118, March.
    36. Kimberly M. Ellis & Taco H. Reus & Bruce T. Lamont, 2009. "Erratum: The effects of procedural and informational justice in the integration of related acquisitions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(2), pages 1-1, February.
    37. Melissa E. Graebner & Koen H. Heimeriks & Quy N. Huy & Eero Vaara, 2017. "The Process of Postmerger Integration : A Review and Agenda for Future Research," Post-Print hal-02311973, HAL.
    38. Deepak K. Datta, 1991. "Organizational fit and acquisition performance: Effects of post‐acquisition integration," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(4), pages 281-297, May.
    39. Eero Vaara & Janne Tienari & Risto Santti, 2003. "The international match: Metaphors as vehicles of social identity building in cross-border mergers," Post-Print hal-02311681, HAL.
    40. Drogendijk, Rian & Slangen, Arjen, 2006. "Hofstede, Schwartz, or managerial perceptions? The effects of different cultural distance measures on establishment mode choices by multinational enterprises," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 361-380, August.
    41. Sayan Chatterjee, 1986. "Types of synergy and economic value: The impact of acquisitions on merging and rival firms," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 7(2), pages 119-139, March.
    42. Hassett, Melanie E. & Reynolds, Noelia-Sarah & Sandberg, Birgitta, 2018. "The emotions of top managers and key persons in cross-border M&As: Evidence from a longitudinal case study," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(4), pages 737-754.
    43. Annette L. Ranft & Michael D. Lord, 2002. "Acquiring New Technologies and Capabilities: A Grounded Model of Acquisition Implementation," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 13(4), pages 420-441, August.
    44. Rikard Larsson & Sydney Finkelstein, 1999. "Integrating Strategic, Organizational, and Human Resource Perspectives on Mergers and Acquisitions: A Case Survey of Synergy Realization," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 10(1), pages 1-26, February.
    45. Melissa E. Graebner & Koen H. Heimeriks & Quy N. Huy & Eero Vaara, 2017. "The Process of Postmerger Integration : A Review and Agenda for Future Research," Post-Print hal-02276670, HAL.
    46. Ahammad, Mohammad Faisal & Tarba, Shlomo Yedidia & Liu, Yipeng & Glaister, Keith W., 2016. "Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 66-75.
    47. Daniel Hain & Sofia Johan & Daojuan Wang, 2016. "Determinants of Cross-Border Venture Capital Investments in Emerging and Developed Economies: The Effects of Relational and Institutional Trust," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 138(4), pages 743-764, November.
    48. Audrey Rouzies & Helene Loe Colman & Duncan Angwin, 2019. "Recasting the dynamics of post-acquisition integration: An embeddedness perspective," Post-Print hal-03279580, HAL.
    49. Luis R Gómez-Mejia & Leslie E Palich, 1997. "Cultural Diversity and the Performance of Multinational Firms," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 28(2), pages 309-335, June.
    50. George P. Huber, 1991. "Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 2(1), pages 88-115, February.
    51. Maurizio Zollo & Sidney G. Winter, 2002. "Deliberate Learning and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 13(3), pages 339-351, June.
    52. Jeffrey D. Sachs & Richard Layard & John F. Helliwell, 2018. "World Happiness Report 2018," Working Papers id:12761, eSocialSciences.
    53. Günter K. Stahl & Duncan N. Angwin & Philippe Very & Emanuel Gomes & Yaakov Weber & Shlomo Yedidia Tarba & Niels Noorderhaven & Haim Benyamini & Dave Bouckenooghe & Samia Chreim & Muriel Durand & Méla, 2013. "Sociocultural Integration in Mergers and Acquisitions: Unresolved Paradoxes and Directions for Future Research," Post-Print halshs-00862249, HAL.
    54. Eero Vaara, 2002. "On the discursive construction of success/failure in narratives of post-merger integration," Post-Print hal-02312879, HAL.
    55. repec:bla:jomstd:v:37:y:2000:i::p:395-425 is not listed on IDEAS
    56. Yaakov Weber & Oded Shenkar & Adi Raveh, 1996. "National and Corporate Cultural Fit in Mergers/Acquisitions: An Exploratory Study," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 42(8), pages 1215-1227, August.
    57. Heather Berry & Mauro F Guillén & Nan Zhou, 2010. "An institutional approach to cross-national distance," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 41(9), pages 1460-1480, December.
    58. Jaideep Anand & Laurence Capron & Will Mitchell, 2005. "Using acquisitions to access multinational diversity: thinking beyond the domestic versus cross-border M&A comparison," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 14(2), pages 191-224, April.
    59. Eero Vaara & Riikka M. Sarala & Günter Stahl & Ingmar Bjorkman, 2012. "The impact of organizational and national cultural differences on social conflict and knowledge transfer in international acquisitions," Post-Print hal-02312628, HAL.
    60. Robert M. Grant & Charles Baden‐Fuller, 2004. "A Knowledge Accessing Theory of Strategic Alliances," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(1), pages 61-84, January.
    61. Piero Morosini & Scott Shane & Harbir Singh, 1998. "National Cultural Distance and Cross-Border Acquisition Performance," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 29(1), pages 137-158, March.
    62. Sarala, Riikka M., 2010. "The impact of cultural differences and acculturation factors on post-acquisition conflict," Scandinavian Journal of Management, Elsevier, vol. 26(1), pages 38-56, March.
    63. Sarala, Riikka M. & Vaara, Eero & Junni, Paulina, 2019. "Beyond merger syndrome and cultural differences: New avenues for research on the “human side” of global mergers and acquisitions (M&As)," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(4), pages 307-321.
    64. Riikka M. Sarala & Eero Vaara & Paulina Junni, 2019. "Beyond merger syndrome and cultural differences : New avenues for research on the “human side” of global mergers and acquisitions (M&As)," Post-Print hal-02312088, HAL.
    65. Very, Philippe & Schweiger, David M., 2001. "The acquisition process as a learning process: Evidence from a study of critical problems and solutions in domestic and cross-border deals," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 11-31, April.
    66. Ahammad, Mohammad Faisal & Glaister, Keith W., 2013. "The pre-acquisition evaluation of target firms and cross border acquisition performance," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(5), pages 894-904.
    67. Philippe Very & Michael Lubatkin & Roland Calori, 1996. "A Cross-National Assessment of Acculturative Stress in Recent European Mergers," International Studies of Management & Organization, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(1), pages 59-86, March.
    68. Bauer, Florian & Schriber, Svante & Degischer, Daniel & King, David R., 2018. "Contextualizing speed and cross-border acquisition performance: Labor market flexibility and efficiency effects," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 53(2), pages 290-301.
    69. Eero Vaara & Riikka Sarala & Günter K. Stahl & Ingmar Björkman, 2012. "The Impact of Organizational and National Cultural Differences on Social Conflict and Knowledge Transfer in International Acquisitions," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(1), pages 1-27, January.
    70. Eero Vaara, 2003. "Post-acquisition integration as sensemaking : Glimpses of ambiguity, confusion, hypocrisy, and politicization," Post-Print hal-02311680, HAL.
    71. John Child & Suzana B. Rodrigues & J. George Frynas, 2009. "Psychic Distance, its Impact and Coping Modes," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 49(2), pages 199-224, April.
    72. Slangen, Arjen H.L., 2006. "National cultural distance and initial foreign acquisition performance: The moderating effect of integration," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 161-170, June.
    73. Günter K. Stahl & Andreas Voigt, 2008. "Do Cultural Differences Matter in Mergers and Acquisitions? A Tentative Model and Examination," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 19(1), pages 160-176, February.
    74. Daniel Rottig & Taco H. Reus, 2018. "Research on Culture and International Acquisition Performance: A Critical Evaluation and New Directions," International Studies of Management & Organization, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(1), pages 3-42, January.
    75. Taco H Reus & Bruce T Lamont, 2009. "The double-edged sword of cultural distance in international acquisitions," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(8), pages 1298-1316, October.
    76. Melissa E. Graebner, 2004. "Momentum and serendipity: how acquired leaders create value in the integration of technology firms," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(8‐9), pages 751-777, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Xiaotao & Liu, Yipeng & Tarba, Shlomo Y. & Giudice, Manlio Del, 2020. "The micro-foundations of strategic ambidexterity: Chinese cross-border M&As, Mid-View thinking and integration management," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(6).
    2. Slađana Savović, 2021. "Employee Reactions To Cross-Border Acquisitions: Evidence From An Acquired Serbian Company," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 66(228), pages 43-68, January –.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bauer, Florian & King, David & Matzler, Kurt, 2016. "Speed of acquisition integration: Separating the role of human and task integration," Scandinavian Journal of Management, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 150-165.
    2. Bauer, Florian & Matzler, Kurt & Wolf, Stefan, 2016. "M&A and innovation: The role of integration and cultural differences—A central European targets perspective," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 76-86.
    3. Satu Teerikangas & Olivier Irrmann, 2016. "Cultural Change Following International Acquisitions: Cohabiting the Tension Between Espoused and Practiced Cultures," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 195-226, April.
    4. Cristina López-Duarte & Marta M. Vidal-Suárez & Belén González-Díaz & Nuno Rosa Reis, 2016. "Understanding the relevance of national culture in international business research: a quantitative analysis," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 108(3), pages 1553-1590, September.
    5. Durand, Muriel, 2016. "Employing critical incident technique as one way to display the hidden aspects of post-merger integration," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 87-102.
    6. Teerikangas, Satu & Thanos, Ioannis C., 2018. "Looking into the ‘black box’ – unlocking the effect of integration on acquisition performance," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 366-380.
    7. Yi Lin Chow, Dawn & Wen Chan, Xi & Micelotta, Evelyn, 2021. "Cross-border M&As: Theorizing the negative effect of political ideology mismatch with host country labor institutional context on employee outcomes," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 164-173.
    8. Ahammad, Mohammad Faisal & Tarba, Shlomo Yedidia & Liu, Yipeng & Glaister, Keith W., 2016. "Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 66-75.
    9. Strobl, Andreas & Bauer, Florian & Matzler, Kurt, 2020. "The impact of industry-wide and target market environmental hostility on entrepreneurial leadership in mergers and acquisitions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(2).
    10. Günter K. Stahl & Andreas Voigt, 2008. "Do Cultural Differences Matter in Mergers and Acquisitions? A Tentative Model and Examination," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 19(1), pages 160-176, February.
    11. Timmers, A.D., 2010. "The perceived cultural changes and the changes in identification of the employees during a merger between two airlines," Other publications TiSEM a71f79cd-facf-445a-a0ba-4, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    12. Colman, Helene Loe, 2020. "Facilitating integration and maintaining autonomy: The role of managerial action and interaction in post-acquisition cabability transfer," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 148-160.
    13. Zahoor, Nadia & Khan, Zaheer & Sinkovics, Rudolf R., 2022. "The Role of Emotions in Cross-Border Mergers & Acquisitions: A Systematic Review of the Inter-Disciplinary Literature and Future Research Agenda," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(4).
    14. Zhi Huang & Hong (Susan) Zhu & Daniel J. Brass, 2017. "Cross-border acquisitions and the asymmetric effect of power distance value difference on long-term post-acquisition performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(4), pages 972-991, April.
    15. Park, Kathleen Marshall & Meglio, Olimpia & Bauer, Florian & Tarba, Shlomo, 2018. "Managing patterns of internationalization, integration, and identity transformation: The post-acquisition metamorphosis of an Arabian Gulf EMNC," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 122-138.
    16. Ahammad, Mohammad Faisal & Tarba, Shlomo Y. & Liu, Yipeng & Glaister, Keith W. & Cooper, Cary L., 2016. "Exploring the factors influencing the negotiation process in cross-border M&A," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 445-457.
    17. Ai, Qi & Tan, Hui, 2020. "Uncovering neglected success factors in post-acquisition reverse capability transfer: Evidence from Chinese multinational corporations in Europe," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(3).
    18. Srivastava, Saurabh & Singh, Shiwangi & Dhir, Sanjay, 2020. "Culture and International business research: A review and research agenda," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(4).
    19. Qi Ai & Hui Tan, 2018. "The intra-firm knowledge transfer in the outward M&A of EMNCs: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 35(2), pages 399-425, June.
    20. Ilaria Galavotti & Daniele Cerrato & Franca Cantoni, 2020. "Surviving after Cross-Border Acquisitions: How Business Relatedness, Host Country Experience, and Cultural Distance Affect Acquired Firms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-18, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:iburev:v:29:y:2020:i:3:s0969593120300135. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/133/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.