[go: up one dir, main page]

IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecolec/v197y2022ics0921800922000994.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Challenges and innovations in the economic evaluation of the risks of climate change

Author

Listed:
  • Rising, James A.
  • Taylor, Charlotte
  • Ives, Matthew C.
  • Ward, Robert E.T.
Abstract
A large discrepancy exists between the dire impacts that most natural scientists project we could face from climate change and the modest estimates of damages calculated by mainstream economists. Economic assessments of climate change risks are intended to be comprehensive, covering the full range of physical impacts and their associated market and non-market costs, considering the greater vulnerability of poor people and the challenges of adaptation. Available estimates still fall significantly short of this goal, but alternative approaches that have been proposed attempt to address these gaps. This review seeks to provide a common basis for natural scientists, social scientists, and modellers to understand the research challenges involved in evaluating the economic risks of climate change. Focusing on the estimation processes embedded in economic integrated assessment models and the concerns raised in the literature, we summarise the frontiers of research relevant to improving quantitative damage estimates, representing the full complexity of the associated systems, and evaluating the impact of the various economic assumptions used to manage this complexity.

Suggested Citation

  • Rising, James A. & Taylor, Charlotte & Ives, Matthew C. & Ward, Robert E.T., 2022. "Challenges and innovations in the economic evaluation of the risks of climate change," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:197:y:2022:i:c:s0921800922000994
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107437
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800922000994
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107437?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Weitzman, Martin L., 2010. "What Is the "Damages Function" for Global Warming — And What Difference Might It Make?," Scholarly Articles 33373343, Harvard University Department of Economics.
    2. Balint, T. & Lamperti, F. & Mandel, A. & Napoletano, M. & Roventini, A. & Sapio, A., 2017. "Complexity and the Economics of Climate Change: A Survey and a Look Forward," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 252-265.
    3. Jennifer Cronin & Gabrial Anandarajah & Olivier Dessens, 2018. "Climate change impacts on the energy system: a review of trends and gaps," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 151(2), pages 79-93, November.
    4. Marie-Noëlle Woillez & Gaël Giraud & Antoine Godin, 2020. "Economic impacts of a glacial period: a thought experiment to assess the disconnect between econometrics and climate sciences," Post-Print hal-03102681, HAL.
    5. Kenneth Gillingham & William Nordhaus & David Anthoff & Geoffrey Blanford & Valentina Bosetti & Peter Christensen & Haewon McJeon & John Reilly, 2018. "Modeling Uncertainty in Integrated Assessment of Climate Change: A Multimodel Comparison," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 5(4), pages 791-826.
    6. Reyer Gerlagh & Matti Liski, 2018. "Carbon Prices for the Next Hundred Years," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 128(609), pages 728-757, March.
    7. Brooks, Wesley R. & Newbold, Stephen C., 2014. "An updated biodiversity nonuse value function for use in climate change integrated assessment models," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 342-349.
    8. Kahn, Matthew E. & Mohaddes, Kamiar & Ng, Ryan N.C. & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Raissi, Mehdi & Yang, Jui-Chung, 2021. "Long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change: A cross-country analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    9. Thomas Sterner & U. Martin Persson, 2008. "An Even Sterner Review: Introducing Relative Prices into the Discounting Debate," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 2(1), pages 61-76, Winter.
    10. Martin L. Weitzman, 2012. "GHG Targets as Insurance Against Catastrophic Climate Damages," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 14(2), pages 221-244, March.
    11. Frank W. Geels & Frans Berkhout & Detlef P. van Vuuren, 2016. "Bridging analytical approaches for low-carbon transitions," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(6), pages 576-583, June.
    12. Stern, Nicholas, 2021. "A time for action on climate change and a time for change in economics," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 112802, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    13. Matthew Adler & David Anthoff & Valentina Bosetti & Greg Garner & Klaus Keller & Nicolas Treich, 2017. "Priority for the worse-off and the social cost of carbon," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 7(6), pages 443-449, June.
    14. Marshall Burke & Solomon M. Hsiang & Edward Miguel, 2015. "Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production," Nature, Nature, vol. 527(7577), pages 235-239, November.
    15. Fran Sussman & Nisha Krishnan & Kathryn Maher & Rawlings Miller & Charlotte Mack & Paul Stewart & Kate Shouse & Bill Perkins, 2014. "Climate change adaptation cost in the US: what do we know?," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(2), pages 242-282, March.
    16. Olivier Bahn, Kelly de Bruin, and Camille Fertel, 2019. "Will Adaptation Delay the Transition to Clean Energy Systems? An Analysis with AD-MERGE," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 4).
    17. Stern,Nicholas, 2007. "The Economics of Climate Change," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521700801, September.
    18. Traeger, Christian, 2021. "ACE - Analytic Climate Economy," CEPR Discussion Papers 15968, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    19. Moritz A. Drupp & Mark C. Freeman & Ben Groom & Frikk Nesje, 2018. "Discounting Disentangled," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 10(4), pages 109-134, November.
    20. Lamperti, F. & Dosi, G. & Napoletano, M. & Roventini, A. & Sapio, A., 2018. "Faraway, So Close: Coupled Climate and Economic Dynamics in an Agent-based Integrated Assessment Model," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 315-339.
    21. Larry Karp, 2017. "Provision of a Public Good with Multiple Dynasties," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 127(607), pages 2641-2664.
    22. Dietz, Simon & Rising, James & Stoerk, Thomas & Wagner, Gernot, 2021. "Economic impacts of tipping points in the climate system," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 111807, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    23. Tol, Richard S.J., 2013. "Climate policy with Bentham–Rawls preferences," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 118(3), pages 424-428.
    24. Armon Rezai & Frederick Van der Ploeg, 2016. "Intergenerational Inequality Aversion, Growth, and the Role of Damages: Occam's Rule for the Global Carbon Tax," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 3(2), pages 493-522.
    25. Ciscar, Juan-Carlos & Feyen, Luc & Soria, Antonio & Lavalle, Carlo & Raes, Frank & Perry, Miles & Nemry, Françoise & Demirel, Hande & Rozsai, Máté & Dosio, Alessandro & Donatelli, Marcello & Srivastav, 2014. "Climate Impacts in Europe - The JRC PESETA II Project," MPRA Paper 55725, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    26. Terrence Iverson & Larry Karp, 2021. "Carbon Taxes and Climate Commitment with Non-constant Time Preference," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 88(2), pages 764-799.
    27. William Nordhaus, 2018. "Evolution of modeling of the economics of global warming: changes in the DICE model, 1992–2017," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 148(4), pages 623-640, June.
    28. Francesco Bosello & Carlo Carraro & Enrica De Cian, 2010. "Climate Policy And The Optimal Balance Between Mitigation, Adaptation And Unavoided Damage," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(02), pages 71-92.
    29. Marshall Burke & Vincent Tanutama, 2019. "Climatic Constraints on Aggregate Economic Output," NBER Working Papers 25779, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    30. Francesco Lamperti & Antoine Mandel & Mauro Napoletano & Alessandro Sapio & Andrea Roventini & Tomas Balint & Igor Khorenzhenko, 2019. "Towards agent-based integrated assessment models: examples, challenges, and future developments," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-01905993, HAL.
    31. Larry Karp & Armon Rezai, 2014. "The Political Economy Of Environmental Policy With Overlapping Generations," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 55(3), pages 711-733, August.
    32. Nicholas Stern & Joseph Stiglitz & Charlotte Taylor, 2022. "The economics of immense risk, urgent action and radical change: towards new approaches to the economics of climate change," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(3), pages 181-216, July.
    33. Riccardo Colacito & Bridget Hoffmann & Toan Phan, 2019. "Temperature and Growth: A Panel Analysis of the United States," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 51(2-3), pages 313-368, March.
    34. Marco Letta & Richard S. J. Tol, 2019. "Weather, Climate and Total Factor Productivity," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 73(1), pages 283-305, May.
    35. Courtland Adams & Tobias Ide & Jon Barnett & Adrien Detges, 2018. "Sampling bias in climate–conflict research," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 8(3), pages 200-203, March.
    36. Martin C. Hänsel & Moritz A. Drupp & Daniel J. A. Johansson & Frikk Nesje & Christian Azar & Mark C. Freeman & Ben Groom & Thomas Sterner, 2020. "Climate economics support for the UN climate targets," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 10(8), pages 781-789, August.
    37. van der Ploeg, Frederick & Rezai, Armon, 2019. "The agnostic's response to climate deniers: Price carbon!," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 70-84.
    38. William Nordhaus, 2014. "Estimates of the Social Cost of Carbon: Concepts and Results from the DICE-2013R Model and Alternative Approaches," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 1(1), pages 000.
    39. Helgeson, Jennifer & Dietz, Simon & Atkinson, Giles D. & Hepburn, Cameron & Sælen, Håkon, 2009. "Siblings, not triplets: social preferences for risk, inequality and time in discounting climate change," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 3, pages 1-28.
    40. Robert E. Kopp & Rachael Shwom & Gernot Wagner & Jiacan Yuan, 2016. "Tipping elements and climate-economic shocks: Pathways toward integrated assessment," Papers 1603.00850, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2016.
    41. Derek Lemoine & Christian P. Traeger, 2016. "Economics of tipping the climate dominoes," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(5), pages 514-519, May.
    42. David Anthoff & Johannes Emmerling, 2019. "Inequality and the Social Cost of Carbon," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 6(2), pages 243-273.
    43. Derek Lemoine & Christian Traeger, 2014. "Watch Your Step: Optimal Policy in a Tipping Climate," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 6(1), pages 137-166, February.
    44. Simon Dietz & Nicholas Stern, 2015. "Endogenous Growth, Convexity of Damage and Climate Risk: How Nordhaus' Framework Supports Deep Cuts in Carbon Emissions," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 0(583), pages 574-620, March.
    45. Larry G. Epstein & Stanley E. Zin, 2013. "Substitution, risk aversion and the temporal behavior of consumption and asset returns: A theoretical framework," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Leonard C MacLean & William T Ziemba (ed.), HANDBOOK OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING Part I, chapter 12, pages 207-239, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    46. Surender Kumar & Madhu Khanna, 2019. "Temperature and production efficiency growth: empirical evidence," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 156(1), pages 209-229, September.
    47. Tamma Carleton & Michael Greenstone, 2021. "Updating the United States Government's Social Cost of Carbon," Working Papers 2021-04, Becker Friedman Institute for Research In Economics.
    48. Samuel Fankhauser & Richard Tol & DAVID Pearce, 1997. "The Aggregation of Climate Change Damages: a Welfare Theoretic Approach," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 10(3), pages 249-266, October.
    49. Alex Marten & Robert Kopp & Kate Shouse & Charles Griffiths & Elke Hodson & Elizabeth Kopits & Bryan Mignone & Chris Moore & Steve Newbold & Stephanie Waldhoff & Ann Wolverton, 2013. "Improving the assessment and valuation of climate change impacts for policy and regulatory analysis," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 117(3), pages 433-438, April.
    50. Gjerde, Jon & Grepperud, Sverre & Kverndokk, Snorre, 1999. "Optimal climate policy under the possibility of a catastrophe," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(3-4), pages 289-317, August.
    51. Stoerk, Thomas & Wagner, Gernot & Ward, Robert E. T., 2018. "Recommendations for improving the treatment of risk and uncertainty in economic estimates of climate impacts in the Sixth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 87957, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    52. Uris Lantz C. Baldos & Thomas W. Hertel, 2014. "Global food security in 2050: the role of agricultural productivity and climate change," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 58(4), pages 554-570, October.
    53. Elena G. Irwin & Patricia J. Culligan & Marina Fischer-Kowalski & Kara Lavender Law & Raghu Murtugudde & Stephanie Pfirman, 2018. "Bridging barriers to advance global sustainability," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 1(7), pages 324-326, July.
    54. Delavane Diaz & Frances Moore, 2017. "Quantifying the economic risks of climate change," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 7(11), pages 774-782, November.
    55. Robert S. Pindyck, 2013. "Climate Change Policy: What Do the Models Tell Us?," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 51(3), pages 860-872, September.
    56. Camilo Mora & Daniele Spirandelli & Erik C. Franklin & John Lynham & Michael B. Kantar & Wendy Miles & Charlotte Z. Smith & Kelle Freel & Jade Moy & Leo V. Louis & Evan W. Barba & Keith Bettinger & Ab, 2018. "Broad threat to humanity from cumulative climate hazards intensified by greenhouse gas emissions," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 8(12), pages 1062-1071, December.
    57. Stéphane Zuber & Marc Fleurbaey & Maddalena Ferranna & Mark Budolfson & Francis Dennig & Kian Mintz-Woo & Robert Socolow & Dean Spears, 2019. "The Social Cost of Carbon: Valuing Inequality, Risk, and Population for Climate Policy," Post-Print halshs-02400609, HAL.
    58. Loïc Berger & Johannes Emmerling & Massimo Tavoni, 2017. "Managing Catastrophic Climate Risks Under Model Uncertainty Aversion," Post-Print hal-01744501, HAL.
    59. Tamma Carleton & Amir Jina & Michael Delgado & Michael Greenstone & Trevor Houser & Solomon Hsiang & Andrew Hultgren & Robert E Kopp & Kelly E McCusker & Ishan Nath & James Rising & Ashwin Rode & Hee , 2023. "Valuing the Global Mortality Consequences of Climate Change Accounting for Adaptation Costs and Benefits," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 137(4), pages 2037-2105.
    60. Charlie Wilson & Céline Guivarch & Elmar Kriegler & Bas Ruijven & Detlef P. Vuuren & Volker Krey & Valeria Jana Schwanitz & Erica L. Thompson, 2021. "Evaluating process-based integrated assessment models of climate change mitigation," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 166(1), pages 1-22, May.
    61. Armon Rezai & Frederick Van der Ploeg, 2016. "Intergenerational Inequality Aversion, Growth, and the Role of Damages: Occam's Rule for the Global Carbon Tax," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 3(2), pages 493-522.
    62. Ingmar Schumacher, 2018. "The Aggregation Dilemma In Climate Change Policy Evaluation," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 9(03), pages 1-20, August.
    63. N. W. Arnell & J. A. Lowe & A. J. Challinor & T. J. Osborn, 2019. "Global and regional impacts of climate change at different levels of global temperature increase," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 155(3), pages 377-391, August.
    64. Melissa Dell & Benjamin F. Jones & Benjamin A. Olken, 2014. "What Do We Learn from the Weather? The New Climate-Economy Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 52(3), pages 740-798, September.
    65. Marcin Czupryna & Christian Franzke & Sascha Hokamp & Jürgen Scheffran, 2020. "An Agent-Based Approach to Integrated Assessment Modelling of Climate Change," Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, vol. 23(3), pages 1-7.
    66. Louise Kessler, 2017. "Estimating The Economic Impact Of The Permafrost Carbon Feedback," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 8(02), pages 1-23, May.
    67. Richard Tol, 2012. "On the Uncertainty About the Total Economic Impact of Climate Change," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 53(1), pages 97-116, September.
    68. Lawrence H. Goulder & Roberton C. Williams, 2012. "The Choice Of Discount Rate For Climate Change Policy Evaluation," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 3(04), pages 1-18.
    69. Neumayer, Eric, 1999. "Global warming: discounting is not the issue, but substitutability is," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 33-43, January.
    70. Matthew Adler & Nicolas Treich, 2015. "Prioritarianism and Climate Change," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 62(2), pages 279-308, October.
    71. Elizabeth Stanton, 2011. "Negishi welfare weights in integrated assessment models: the mathematics of global inequality," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 107(3), pages 417-432, August.
    72. Marshall Burke & Solomon M. Hsiang & Edward Miguel, 2015. "Climate and Conflict," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 7(1), pages 577-617, August.
    73. Larry Karp & Armon Rezai, 2014. "The Political Economy Of Environmental Policy With Overlapping Generations," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 55, pages 711-733, August.
    74. Maximilian Auffhammer, 2018. "Quantifying Economic Damages from Climate Change," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 32(4), pages 33-52, Fall.
    75. W J Wouter Botzen & Olivier Deschenes & Mark Sanders, 2019. "The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Review of Models and Empirical Studies," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 13(2), pages 167-188.
    76. Bjoern Soergel & Elmar Kriegler & Isabelle Weindl & Sebastian Rauner & Alois Dirnaichner & Constantin Ruhe & Matthias Hofmann & Nico Bauer & Christoph Bertram & Benjamin Leon Bodirsky & Marian Leimbac, 2021. "A sustainable development pathway for climate action within the UN 2030 Agenda," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 11(8), pages 656-664, August.
    77. Kopp, Robert E. & Golub, Alexander & Keohane, Nathaniel O. & Onda, Chikara, 2012. "The influence of the specification of climate change damages on the social cost of carbon," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 6, pages 1-40.
    78. David Anthoff & Francisco Estrada & Richard S. J. Tol, 2016. "Shutting Down the Thermohaline Circulation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 106(5), pages 602-606, May.
    79. John C. V. Pezzey, 2019. "Why the social cost of carbon will always be disputed," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(1), January.
    80. Martin L. Weitzman, 2009. "On Modeling and Interpreting the Economics of Catastrophic Climate Change," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 91(1), pages 1-19, February.
    81. Paul Watkiss, 2011. "Aggregate economic measures of climate change damages: explaining the differences and implications," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 2(3), pages 356-372, May.
    82. John Hassler & Per Krusell, 2012. "Economics And Climate Change: Integrated Assessment In A Multi-Region World," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 10(5), pages 974-1000, October.
    83. Stern, Nicholas, 2021. "A time for action on climate change and a time for change in economics," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 112808, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    84. Larry Karp, 2017. "Provision of a Public Good with Multiple Dynasties," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 127(607), pages 2641-2664, December.
    85. David Anthoff & Richard Tol, 2014. "Climate policy under fat-tailed risk: an application of FUND," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 220(1), pages 223-237, September.
    86. Dietz, Simon & Stern, Nicholas, 2015. "Endogenous growth, convexity of damage and climate risk: how Nordhaus’ framework supports deep cuts in carbon emissions," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 58406, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    87. Hampicke, Ulrich, 2011. "Climate change economics and discounted utilitarianism," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 45-52.
    88. Jun’ya Takakura & Shinichiro Fujimori & Naota Hanasaki & Tomoko Hasegawa & Yukiko Hirabayashi & Yasushi Honda & Toshichika Iizumi & Naoko Kumano & Chan Park & Zhihong Shen & Kiyoshi Takahashi & Makoto, 2019. "Dependence of economic impacts of climate change on anthropogenically directed pathways," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 9(10), pages 737-741, October.
    89. Martin L. Weitzman, 2010. "What Is The "Damages Function" For Global Warming — And What Difference Might It Make?," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(01), pages 57-69.
    90. Antony Millner & Simon Dietz & Geoffrey Heal, 2013. "Scientific Ambiguity and Climate Policy," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 55(1), pages 21-46, May.
    91. Chris D. Thomas & Alison Cameron & Rhys E. Green & Michel Bakkenes & Linda J. Beaumont & Yvonne C. Collingham & Barend F. N. Erasmus & Marinez Ferreira de Siqueira & Alan Grainger & Lee Hannah & Lesle, 2004. "Extinction risk from climate change," Nature, Nature, vol. 427(6970), pages 145-148, January.
    92. Narasimha D. Rao & Bas J. van Ruijven & Keywan Riahi & Valentina Bosetti, 2017. "Improving poverty and inequality modelling in climate research," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 7(12), pages 857-862, December.
    93. Daron, J.D. & Stainforth, David A., 2015. "On quantifying the climate of the nonautonomous lorenz-63 model," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 61890, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    94. Reyer Gerlagh & Matti Liski, 2018. "Carbon Prices for The Next Hundred Years," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 128(609), pages 728-757.
    95. Frances C. Moore & Uris Baldos & Thomas Hertel & Delavane Diaz, 2017. "New science of climate change impacts on agriculture implies higher social cost of carbon," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-9, December.
    96. Franziska Piontek & Laurent Drouet & Johannes Emmerling & Tom Kompas & Aurélie Méjean & Christian Otto & James Rising & Bjoern Soergel & Nicolas Taconet & Massimo Tavoni, 2021. "Integrated perspective on translating biophysical to economic impacts of climate change," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 11(7), pages 563-572, July.
    97. Richard L. Revesz & Peter H. Howard & Kenneth Arrow & Lawrence H. Goulder & Robert E. Kopp & Michael A. Livermore & Michael Oppenheimer & Thomas Sterner, 2014. "Global warming: Improve economic models of climate change," Nature, Nature, vol. 508(7495), pages 173-175, April.
    98. Kaplow Louis & Moyer Elisabeth & Weisbach David A, 2010. "The Social Evaluation of Intergenerational Policies and Its Application to Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 10(2), pages 1-34, November.
    99. Yi-Ming Wei & Rong Han & Ce Wang & Biying Yu & Qiao-Mei Liang & Xiao-Chen Yuan & Junjie Chang & Qingyu Zhao & Hua Liao & Baojun Tang & Jinyue Yan & Lijing Cheng & Zili Yang, 2020. "Self-preservation strategy for approaching global warming targets in the post-Paris Agreement era," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-13, December.
    100. Anthoff, David & Hepburn, Cameron & Tol, Richard S.J., 2009. "Equity weighting and the marginal damage costs of climate change," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(3), pages 836-849, January.
    101. Thomas S. Lontzek & Daiju Narita & Ole Wilms, 2016. "Stochastic Integrated Assessment of Ecosystem Tipping Risk," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 65(3), pages 573-598, November.
    102. Gilbert E. Metcalf & James H. Stock, 2017. "Integrated Assessment Models and the Social Cost of Carbon: A Review and Assessment of U.S. Experience," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 11(1), pages 80-99.
    103. Raphael Calel & Sandra C. Chapman & David A. Stainforth & Nicholas W. Watkins, 2020. "Temperature variability implies greater economic damages from climate change," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-5, December.
    104. Martin Henseler & Ingmar Schumacher, 2019. "The impact of weather on economic growth and its production factors," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 154(3), pages 417-433, June.
    105. Gerard Roe & Yoram Bauman, 2013. "Climate sensitivity: should the climate tail wag the policy dog?," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 117(4), pages 647-662, April.
    106. Krichene, H. & Geiger, T. & Frieler, K. & Willner, S.N. & Sauer, I. & Otto, C., 2021. "Long-term impacts of tropical cyclones and fluvial floods on economic growth – Empirical evidence on transmission channels at different levels of development," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    107. Steven K. Rose & Delavane B. Diaz & Geoffrey J. Blanford, 2017. "Understanding The Social Cost Of Carbon: A Model Diagnostic And Inter-Comparison Study," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 8(02), pages 1-28, May.
    108. Reyer Gerlagh & Matti Liski, 2018. "Consistent climate policies," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 16(1), pages 1-44.
    109. Ackerman, Frank & Stanton, Elizabeth A. & Bueno, Ramón, 2010. "Fat tails, exponents, extreme uncertainty: Simulating catastrophe in DICE," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(8), pages 1657-1665, June.
    110. Neumann, James E. & Strzepek, Kenneth, 2014. "State of the literature on the economic impacts of climate change in the United States," Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 5(3), pages 411-443, December.
    111. Yongyang Cai & Timothy M. Lenton & Thomas S. Lontzek, 2016. "Risk of multiple interacting tipping points should encourage rapid CO2 emission reduction," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(5), pages 520-525, May.
    112. Delavane Diaz & Klaus Keller, 2016. "A Potential Disintegration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Implications for Economic Analyses of Climate Policy," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 106(5), pages 607-611, May.
    113. J. Farmer & Cameron Hepburn & Penny Mealy & Alexander Teytelboym, 2015. "A Third Wave in the Economics of Climate Change," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 62(2), pages 329-357, October.
    114. Babatunde, Kazeem Alasinrin & Begum, Rawshan Ara & Said, Fathin Faizah, 2017. "Application of computable general equilibrium (CGE) to climate change mitigation policy: A systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 61-71.
    115. Jensen, Svenn & Traeger, Christian P., 2014. "Optimal climate change mitigation under long-term growth uncertainty: Stochastic integrated assessment and analytic findings," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 104-125.
    116. Kalkuhl, Matthias & Wenz, Leonie, 2020. "The impact of climate conditions on economic production. Evidence from a global panel of regions," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    117. Frances C. Moore & Delavane B. Diaz, 2015. "Temperature impacts on economic growth warrant stringent mitigation policy," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(2), pages 127-131, February.
    118. Michael Oppenheimer, 2013. "Climate change impacts: accounting for the human response," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 117(3), pages 439-449, April.
    119. Kopp, Robert E. & Mignone, Bryan K., 2012. "The US government's social cost of carbon estimates after their first two years: Pathways for improvement," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 6, pages 1-41.
    120. Benjamin Crost & Christian P. Traeger, 2014. "Optimal CO2 mitigation under damage risk valuation," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 4(7), pages 631-636, July.
    121. Melissa Dell & Benjamin F. Jones & Benjamin A. Olken, 2012. "Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(3), pages 66-95, July.
    122. Gail Whiteman & Chris Hope & Peter Wadhams, 2013. "Vast costs of Arctic change," Nature, Nature, vol. 499(7459), pages 401-403, July.
    123. E. A. G. Schuur & A. D. McGuire & C. Schädel & G. Grosse & J. W. Harden & D. J. Hayes & G. Hugelius & C. D. Koven & P. Kuhry & D. M. Lawrence & S. M. Natali & D. Olefeldt & V. E. Romanovsky & K. Schae, 2015. "Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback," Nature, Nature, vol. 520(7546), pages 171-179, April.
    124. J. C. J. M. van den Bergh & W. J. W. Botzen, 2014. "A lower bound to the social cost of CO2 emissions," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 4(4), pages 253-258, April.
    125. Loïc Berger & Johannes Emmerling & Massimo Tavoni, 2017. "Managing Catastrophic Climate Risks Under Model Uncertainty Aversion," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(3), pages 749-765, March.
    126. van den Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M., 2004. "Optimal climate policy is a utopia: from quantitative to qualitative cost-benefit analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(4), pages 385-393, April.
    127. Chris Hope & Kevin Schaefer, 2016. "Economic impacts of carbon dioxide and methane released from thawing permafrost," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(1), pages 56-59, January.
    128. Schneider, Maik T. & Traeger, Christian P. & Winkler, Ralph, 2012. "Trading off generations: Equity, discounting, and climate change," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 56(8), pages 1621-1644.
    129. William D. Nordhaus, 2007. "A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 45(3), pages 686-702, September.
    130. Burke, M. & Craxton, M. & Kolstad, C.D. & Onda, C. & Allcott, H. & Baker, E. & Barrage, L. & Carson, R. & Gillingham, K. & Graff-Zivin, J. & Greenstone, M. & Hallegatte, S. & Hanemann, W.M. & Heal, G., 2016. "Opportunities for advances in climate change economics," ISU General Staff Papers 3565, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    131. Burke, M & Craxton, M & Kolstad, CD & Onda, C & Allcott, H & Baker, E & Barrage, L & Carson, R & Gillingham, K & Graf-Zivin, J & Greenstone, M & Hallegatte, S & Hanemann, WM & Heal, G & Hsiang, S & Jo, 2016. "Opportunities for advances in climate change economics," University of California at Santa Barbara, Recent Works in Economics qt4tc5d9pb, Department of Economics, UC Santa Barbara.
    132. Marcus C. Sarofim & Jeremy Martinich & James E. Neumann & Jacqueline Willwerth & Zoe Kerrich & Michael Kolian & Charles Fant & Corinne Hartin, 2021. "A temperature binning approach for multi-sector climate impact analysis," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 165(1), pages 1-18, March.
    133. Frances C. Moore & Delavane B. Diaz, 2015. "Erratum: Temperature impacts on economic growth warrant stringent mitigation policy," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(3), pages 280-280, March.
    134. Nicholas Stern, 2013. "The Structure of Economic Modeling of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change: Grafting Gross Underestimation of Risk onto Already Narrow Science Models," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 51(3), pages 838-859, September.
    135. Jun’ya Takakura & Shinichiro Fujimori & Naota Hanasaki & Tomoko Hasegawa & Yukiko Hirabayashi & Yasushi Honda & Toshichika Iizumi & Naoko Kumano & Chan Park & Zhihong Shen & Kiyoshi Takahashi & Makoto, 2019. "Publisher Correction: Dependence of economic impacts of climate change on anthropogenically directed pathways," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 9(11), pages 894-894, November.
    136. Mikhail Golosov & John Hassler & Per Krusell & Aleh Tsyvinski, 2014. "Optimal Taxes on Fossil Fuel in General Equilibrium," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 82(1), pages 41-88, January.
    137. Robert McLeman, 2013. "Developments in modelling of climate change-related migration," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 117(3), pages 599-611, April.
    138. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/1nlv566svi86iqtetenms15tc4 is not listed on IDEAS
    139. Franziska Piontek & Matthias Kalkuhl & Elmar Kriegler & Anselm Schultes & Marian Leimbach & Ottmar Edenhofer & Nico Bauer, 2019. "Economic Growth Effects of Alternative Climate Change Impact Channels in Economic Modeling," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 73(4), pages 1357-1385, August.
    140. Kreps, David M & Porteus, Evan L, 1978. "Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty and Dynamic Choice Theory," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(1), pages 185-200, January.
    141. L. Caesar & S. Rahmstorf & A. Robinson & G. Feulner & V. Saba, 2018. "Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation," Nature, Nature, vol. 556(7700), pages 191-196, April.
    142. Mark Budolfson & Francis Dennig & Marc Fleurbaey & Asher Siebert & Robert H. Socolow, 2017. "The comparative importance for optimal climate policy of discounting, inequalities and catastrophes," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 145(3), pages 481-494, December.
    143. Thomas Stoerk & Gernot Wagner & Robert E T Ward, 2018. "Policy Brief—Recommendations for Improving the Treatment of Risk and Uncertainty in Economic Estimates of Climate Impacts in the Sixth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 12(2), pages 371-376.
    144. Abbie A. Rogers & Fiona L. Dempster & Jacob I. Hawkins & Robert J. Johnston & Peter C. Boxall & John Rolfe & Marit E. Kragt & Michael P. Burton & David J. Pannell, 2019. "Valuing non-market economic impacts from natural hazards," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 99(2), pages 1131-1161, November.
    145. Thomas S. Lontzek & Yongyang Cai & Kenneth L. Judd & Timothy M. Lenton, 2015. "Stochastic integrated assessment of climate tipping points indicates the need for strict climate policy," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(5), pages 441-444, May.
    146. Massimo Tavoni & Elmar Kriegler & Keywan Riahi & Detlef P. van Vuuren & Tino Aboumahboub & Alex Bowen & Katherine Calvin & Emanuele Campiglio & Tom Kober & Jessica Jewell & Gunnar Luderer & Giacomo Ma, 2015. "Post-2020 climate agreements in the major economies assessed in the light of global models," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(2), pages 119-126, February.
    147. Dmitry Yumashev & Chris Hope & Kevin Schaefer & Kathrin Riemann-Campe & Fernando Iglesias-Suarez & Elchin Jafarov & Eleanor J. Burke & Paul J. Young & Yasin Elshorbany & Gail Whiteman, 2019. "Climate policy implications of nonlinear decline of Arctic land permafrost and other cryosphere elements," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-11, December.
    148. Brian Hurd & Mani Rouhi-Rad, 2013. "Estimating economic effects of changes in climate and water availability," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 117(3), pages 575-584, April.
    149. Keller, Klaus & Bolker, Benjamin M. & Bradford, D.F.David F., 2004. "Uncertain climate thresholds and optimal economic growth," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 723-741, July.
    150. Robert S. Pindyck, 2017. "The Use and Misuse of Models for Climate Policy," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 11(1), pages 100-114.
    151. David A. Stainforth & Raphael Calel, 2020. "New priorities for climate science and climate economics in the 2020s," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-3, December.
    152. Dietz, Simon, 2012. "The treatment of risk and uncertainty in the US social cost of carbon for regulatory impact analysis," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 6, pages 1-12.
    153. Marisa Beck & Tobias Krueger, 2016. "The epistemic, ethical, and political dimensions of uncertainty in integrated assessment modeling," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 7(5), pages 627-645, September.
    154. David Anthoff & Francisco Estrada & Richard S. J. Tol, 2016. "Shutting Down the Thermohaline Circulation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 106(5), pages 602-06, May.
    155. Simon Dietz & James Rising & Thomas Stoerk & Gernot Wagner, 2021. "Economic impacts of tipping points in the climate system," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118(34), pages 2103081118-, August.
    156. John Weyant, 2017. "Some Contributions of Integrated Assessment Models of Global Climate Change," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 11(1), pages 115-137.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Desbordes, Rodolphe & Eberhardt, Markus, 2024. "Climate change and economic prosperity: Evidence from a flexible damage function," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    2. Ashish Dwivedi & Claudio Sassanelli & Dindayal Agrawal & Md. Abdul Moktadir & Idiano D'Adamo, 2023. "Drivers to mitigate climate change in context of manufacturing industry: An emerging economy study," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(7), pages 4467-4484, November.
    3. Chang, Jun-Jie & Mi, Zhifu & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2023. "Temperature and GDP: A review of climate econometrics analysis," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 383-392.
    4. Tol, Richard S.J., 2024. "A meta-analysis of the total economic impact of climate change," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    5. Francesco Lamperti & Andrea Roventini, 2022. "Beyond climate economics orthodoxy: impacts and policies in the agent-based integrated-assessment DSK model," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, vol. 19(3), pages 357-380, December.
    6. Banning, Maximilian & Großmann, Anett & Heinisch, Katja & Hohmann, Frank & Lutz, Christian & Schult, Christoph, 2023. "Evidence-based support for adaptation policies in emerging economies," IWH Studies 2/2023, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    7. Juha-Pekka Jäpölä & Sophie Schoubroeck & Steven Passel, 2024. "Preferences on funding humanitarian aid and disaster management under climatic losses and damages: A multinational Delphi panel," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 177(7), pages 1-21, July.
    8. Boly, Mohamed & Combes, Jean-Louis & Combes Motel, Pascale, 2023. "Does environment pay for politicians?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rising, James A. & Taylor, Charlotte & Ives, Matthew C. & Ward, Robert E.t., 2022. "Challenges and innovations in the economic evaluation of the risks of climate change," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 114941, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    2. Richard S.J. Tol, 2021. "Estimates of the social cost of carbon have not changed over time," Working Paper Series 0821, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
    3. Richard S. J. Tol, 2021. "Estimates of the social cost of carbon have increased over time," Papers 2105.03656, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2022.
    4. Richard S J Tol, 2018. "The Economic Impacts of Climate Change," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 12(1), pages 4-25.
    5. Chang, Jun-Jie & Mi, Zhifu & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2023. "Temperature and GDP: A review of climate econometrics analysis," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 383-392.
    6. Schultes, Anselm & Piontek, Franziska & Soergel, Bjoern & Rogelj, Joeri & Baumstark, Lavinia & Kriegler, Elmar & Edenhofer, Ottmar & Luderer, Gunnar, 2020. "Economic damages from on-going climate change imply deeper near-term emission cuts," MPRA Paper 103655, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Stern, Nicholas, 2021. "A time for action on climate change and a time for change in economics," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 112802, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    8. Stern, Nicholas, 2021. "A time for action on climate change and a time for change in economics," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 112808, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    9. Moritz A. Drupp & Frikk Nesje & Robert C. Schmidt & Robert Christian Schmidt, 2022. "Pricing Carbon," CESifo Working Paper Series 9608, CESifo.
    10. Samuel Jovan Okullo, 2020. "Determining the Social Cost of Carbon: Under Damage and Climate Sensitivity Uncertainty," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 75(1), pages 79-103, January.
    11. Kent D. Daniel & Robert B. Litterman & Gernot Wagner, 2016. "Applying Asset Pricing Theory to Calibrate the Price of Climate Risk," NBER Working Papers 22795, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    12. Kornek, Ulrike & Klenert, David & Edenhofer, Ottmar & Fleurbaey, Marc, 2021. "The social cost of carbon and inequality: When local redistribution shapes global carbon prices," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    13. Desbordes, Rodolphe & Eberhardt, Markus, 2024. "Climate change and economic prosperity: Evidence from a flexible damage function," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    14. J. Farmer & Cameron Hepburn & Penny Mealy & Alexander Teytelboym, 2015. "A Third Wave in the Economics of Climate Change," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 62(2), pages 329-357, October.
    15. Hjort, Ingrid, 2016. "Potential Climate Risks in Financial Markets: A Literature Overview," Memorandum 01/2016, Oslo University, Department of Economics.
    16. Lint Barrage, 2019. "The Nobel Memorial Prize for William D. Nordhaus," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 121(3), pages 884-924, July.
    17. Franziska Piontek & Matthias Kalkuhl & Elmar Kriegler & Anselm Schultes & Marian Leimbach & Ottmar Edenhofer & Nico Bauer, 2019. "Economic Growth Effects of Alternative Climate Change Impact Channels in Economic Modeling," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 73(4), pages 1357-1385, August.
    18. Moritz A. Drupp & Martin C. Hänsel, 2021. "Relative Prices and Climate Policy: How the Scarcity of Nonmarket Goods Drives Policy Evaluation," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 168-201, February.
    19. Tol, Richard S.J., 2024. "A meta-analysis of the total economic impact of climate change," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    20. van der Ploeg, Frederick & Rezai, Armon, 2019. "The agnostic's response to climate deniers: Price carbon!," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 70-84.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ecolec:v:197:y:2022:i:c:s0921800922000994. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolecon .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.