This paper applies a novel empirical approach to characterising the horizontal-ness and vertical-ness of affiliates based on Yeaple's complex FDI concept. In its simplest form, horizontal-ness is measured as affiliates’ local sales share while their vertical-ness is measures as their share of non-local sourcing of intermediates. Japanese affiliates in most sectors and nations are partly vertical and partly horizontal, but those in North American are far more ‘horizontal’ than those in the EU and Asia. Affiliates became more vertical between 1996 and 2005. A four-way sales and sourcing split (host, home, regional and RoW) suggests that affiliates act as nodes in regional production networks – especially in Asia. We posit several hypotheses that could be tested with our empirical approach."> This paper applies a novel empirical approach to characterising the horizontal-ness and vertical-ness of affiliates based on Yeaple's complex FDI concept. In its simplest form, horizontal-ness is measured as affiliates’ local sales share while their vertical-ness is measures as their share of non-local sourcing of intermediates. Japanese affiliates in most sectors and nations are partly vertical and partly horizontal, but those in North American are far more ‘horizontal’ than those in the EU and Asia. Affiliates became more vertical between 1996 and 2005. A four-way sales and sourcing split (host, home, regional and RoW) suggests that affiliates act as nodes in regional production networks – especially in Asia. We posit several hypotheses that could be tested with our empirical approach."> This paper applies a novel empirical approach to characterising the horizontal-ness and vertical-ness of affiliates based on Yeaple's comp">
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Networked FDI: Sales and Sourcing Patterns of Japanese Foreign Affiliates

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  • Richard Baldwin
  • Toshihiro Okubo
Abstract
type="main" xml:id="twec12116-abs-0001"> This paper applies a novel empirical approach to characterising the horizontal-ness and vertical-ness of affiliates based on Yeaple's complex FDI concept. In its simplest form, horizontal-ness is measured as affiliates’ local sales share while their vertical-ness is measures as their share of non-local sourcing of intermediates. Japanese affiliates in most sectors and nations are partly vertical and partly horizontal, but those in North American are far more ‘horizontal’ than those in the EU and Asia. Affiliates became more vertical between 1996 and 2005. A four-way sales and sourcing split (host, home, regional and RoW) suggests that affiliates act as nodes in regional production networks – especially in Asia. We posit several hypotheses that could be tested with our empirical approach.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard Baldwin & Toshihiro Okubo, 2014. "Networked FDI: Sales and Sourcing Patterns of Japanese Foreign Affiliates," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(8), pages 1051-1080, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:worlde:v:37:y:2014:i:8:p:1051-1080
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    • F21 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business

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