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The money creation process: A theoretical and empirical analysis for the United States

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  • Matteo Deleidi
  • Enrico Sergio Levrero
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to assess—on both theoretical and empirical grounds—the two main views regarding the money creation process, namely the endogenous and exogenous money approaches. After analysing the main issues and the related empirical literature, we will apply a vector autoregression model and a vector error‐correction model methodology to the United States for the period 1959–2017 to assess the causal relationship between a number of critical variables that are supposed to determine the money supply, that is, the monetary base, bank deposits, bank loans and the nominal level of economic activity. The empirical analysis supports several propositions related to the endogenous money approach. In particular, it shows that for the United States in the years 1959–2017 (a) bank loans determine bank deposits and (b) bank deposits in turn determine the monetary base. Our conclusion is that money supply is mainly determined endogenously by the lending activity of commercial banks and the nominal level of economic activity.

Suggested Citation

  • Matteo Deleidi & Enrico Sergio Levrero, 2019. "The money creation process: A theoretical and empirical analysis for the United States," Metroeconomica, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 70(4), pages 552-586, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:metroe:v:70:y:2019:i:4:p:552-586
    DOI: 10.1111/meca.12238
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    Cited by:

    1. Simmons, Richard & Dini, Paolo & Culkin, Nigel & Littera, Giuseppe, 2021. "Crisis and the role of money in the real and financial economies: an innovative approach to monetary stimulus," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 110904, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    2. Richard Simmons & Paolo Dini & Nigel Culkin & Giuseppe Littera, 2021. "Crisis and the Role of Money in the Real and Financial Economies—An Innovative Approach to Monetary Stimulus," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-28, March.
    3. Emilio Carnevali & Matteo Deleidi, 2020. "The Trade-off between Inflation and Unemployment in an MMT World: An Open Economy Perspective," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_973, Levy Economics Institute.
    4. Wang, Ling, 2022. "The dynamics of money supply determination under asset purchase programs: A market-based versus a bank-based financial system," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    5. Riccardo Zolea, 2024. "An introduction to the distributional role of bank credit to workers in a surplus approach framework," Working Papers PKWP2403, Post Keynesian Economics Society (PKES).
    6. Barbieri Góes, Maria Cristina & Deleidi, Matteo, 2022. "Output determination and autonomous demand multipliers: An empirical investigation for the US economy," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    7. Matteo Deleidi, 2019. "Endogenous money theory: horizontalists, structuralists and the credit market," Bulletin of Political Economy, Bulletin of Political Economy, vol. 13(1), pages 21-53, June.

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