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Long-Term Effects of the 1923 Mass Refugee Inflow on Social Cohesion in Greece

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  • Murard,Elie
Abstract
After the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish conflict, 1.2 million Greek Orthodox were forcibly displacedfrom Turkey to Greece, increasing the host population by 20 percent within a few months. Refugees were pro-vided withfarmland, new houses and schools, and were granted the Greek citizenship. This paper analyses the long-term socialintegration of refugees and the effect of their resettlement on social cohesion. Combining historical and modernpopulation censuses and surveys, this paper finds that, by the 2000s, refugees display a high rate of intermarriagewith Greek natives, report levels of trust in others and in institutions similar to natives, and exhibit higherpolitical and civic participation. At the community level, places with a higher share of refugees in 1928 are morelikely to have at least one sport association 80 years later. There is no impact on political fragmentation nor oncrime. The historical refugees’ integration starkly contrasts with the social marginalization of recent Albanianimmigrants who, unlike the former, neither spoke Greek nor had the same religion as locals upon arrival. These resultssuggest that early investments in inclusion policies can be effective at fostering refugees’ assimilation, at least whennewcomers and locals have similar cultural profiles.

Suggested Citation

  • Murard,Elie, 2022. "Long-Term Effects of the 1923 Mass Refugee Inflow on Social Cohesion in Greece," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9912, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9912
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    Cited by:

    1. Albarosa,Emanuele & Elsner,Benjamin, 2022. "Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and Conflict: The 2015 Refugee Inflow in Germany," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9913, The World Bank.
    2. Luigi Minale & Rudi Rocha & Bruno Vigna, 2024. "Immigrant Diversity and Long-Run Development," RF Berlin - CReAM Discussion Paper Series 2408, Rockwool Foundation Berlin (RF Berlin) - Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM).
    3. Myers, Emily & Sacks, Audrey & Tellez, Juan F. & Wibbels, Erik, 2024. "Forced displacement, social cohesion, and the state: Evidence from eight new studies," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).

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    Keywords

    Indigenous Peoples; Indigenous Communities; Indigenous Peoples Law; Educational Sciences; Armed Conflict; Social Cohesion;
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