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Qui emet du CO2 ? Panorama critique des inegalites ecologiques en France

Author

Listed:
  • Antonin Pottier

    (CIRED)

  • Emmanuel Combet

    (ADEME)

  • Jean-Michel Cayla

    (EDF)

  • Simona de Lauretis

    (CIRED)

  • Franck Nadaud

    (CIRED)

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the inequalities in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between French households. It presents in a detailed and critical manner the methodological conventions used to compute "household emissions", and the related assumptions. The most common principle of attribution, the carbon footprint, which assigns to households the emissions of the products they consume, conveys implicit conceptions of responsibility. It focuses attention on the contributions of individuals, on their choices, and may obscure the role of non-individual actors as well as the collective component of GHG emissions, and neglect the dimensions of responsibility not related to consumption choices. We estimate the distribution of household carbon footprints based on data from the 2011 French Expenditure Survey. Household emissions tend to increase with income, but they also show a strong variability linked to geographical and technical factors that force to use fossil fuels. Based on sectoral surveys (ENTD 2008; PHEBUS 2013), we also reconstruct household CO2 emissions linked to housing and transport energy. For transport, emissions are proportional to the distances travelled due to the predominant use of private cars. Urban settlement patterns constraint both the length of daily commuting and access to less carbon-intensive modes of transport. For housing, while house size increases with income and distance from urban centres, the first factor to account for variability of emissions is the heating system. It has little to do with income but more to do with settlement patterns, which constrain access to the various energy carriers. Finally, we discuss the difficulties, both technical and conceptual, involved in estimating emissions from the super-rich (the top 1 percent).

Suggested Citation

  • Antonin Pottier & Emmanuel Combet & Jean-Michel Cayla & Simona de Lauretis & Franck Nadaud, 2020. "Qui emet du CO2 ? Panorama critique des inegalites ecologiques en France," Working Papers 2020.15, FAERE - French Association of Environmental and Resource Economists.
    • Handle: RePEc:fae:wpaper:2020.15
    as

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    File URL: http://faere.fr/pub/WorkingPapers/Pottier_Combet_Cayla_Lauretis_Nadaud_FAERE_WP2020.15.pdf
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    Cited by:

    1. Francisco Serranito & Donatella Gatti & Gaye-Del Lo, 2023. "Unpacking the green box: Determinants of Environmental Policy Stringency in European countries," Working Papers hal-04202808, HAL.
    2. André, Mathias & Bourgeois, Alexandre & Combet, Emmanuel & Lequien, Matthieu & Pottier, Antonin, 2024. "Challenges in measuring the distribution of carbon footprints: The role of product and price heterogeneity," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    3. Laure Baratgin & Emmanuel Combet, 2022. "Quelques pistes pour concilier des objectifs sociaux, économiques et écologiques," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(1), pages 121-146.
    4. Leroutier, Marion & Quirion, Philippe, 2022. "Air pollution and CO2 from daily mobility: Who emits and Why? Evidence from Paris," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    5. repec:hal:journl:hal-04236293 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Pottier, Antonin, 2022. "Expenditure elasticity and income elasticity of GHG emissions: A survey of literature on household carbon footprint," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    7. Marion Leroutier & Philippe Quirion, 2021. "Tackling Transport-Induced Pollution in Cities: A case Study in Paris," Working Papers 2021.07, FAERE - French Association of Environmental and Resource Economists.
    8. Ravigné, Emilien & Ghersi, Frédéric & Nadaud, Franck, 2022. "Is a fair energy transition possible? Evidence from the French low-carbon strategy," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    greenhouse gas emissions; carbon footprint; emissions inequality; household expenditure distribution; responsibility;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D12 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
    • D30 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - General
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
    • R20 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - General

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