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Open regionalism in Asia Pacific and Latin America: a survey of the literature

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  • Kuwayama, Mikio
Abstract
Both in Asia Pacific and Latin America, considerable confusion and ambiguity surround the notion of 'open Regionalism' that question its relevance for practical purposes. Chapter I will examine various interpretations and applications of the concept and study under what circumstances the two elements 'open' and 'regionalism' come into contradiction. The chapter first put to provide some precision on the relationship that may exist between Open Regionalism and regional integration, and then it inquires of under what conditions regionalism can be a 'stepping stone' or 'building block' towards the improvement of multilateralism. The rapid economic growth in Asia provided a solid foundation for inter-firm networks and intra-regional trade and investment flows, with few institutional or government-led schemes. In the 1990s, Latin America, whose integration has often been characterized as 'policy driven', has also experienced a deepening of de facto integration, resulting in stronger intra-regional trade and investment linkages. Chapter II reviews briefly the impact of the recent economic crisis on production, trade and investment patterns for each region and identifies integration instruments that might be compatible with and conducive to policies to enhance the synergetic effects of de facto and policy-driven integration. 'deep' integration usually refers to an integration that deals with 'behind the border' issues, going further than 'shallow' integration that involves mainly the reduction of measures applied at the border. Chapter III analyzes the appropriate scope and nature of 'new' trade issues to be included in 'deep' integration of developing countries and assess whether the initiatives through regional agreements can be more effective than those undertaken at the multilateral level. The chapter elaborates on arguments, in favor of or against, potential dynamic benefits and costs that might be involved with regional cooperation, in areas such as, services, investment, infrastructure, trade finance, social and equity problems, small-and medium-size enterprises. Chapter IV analyzes the implication of the Uruguay Round commitments on the development process and major problems faced in their implementation. Based on this review, the chapter identifies the major areas of interests of developing countries for a new 'millennium Round'. In doing so, some new 'Conditionalities' and opportunities that the new round might introduce on regional agreements are considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Kuwayama, Mikio, 1999. "Open regionalism in Asia Pacific and Latin America: a survey of the literature," Comercio Internacional 4380, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    • Handle: RePEc:ecr:col025:4380
    Note: Includes bibliography
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    7. -, 1994. "Open regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean: economic integration as a contribution to changing production patterns with social equity," Libros y Documentos Institucionales, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), number 37868 edited by Eclac.
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    9. Wilfred J. Ethier, 1998. "Regionalism in a Multilateral World," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(6), pages 1214-1245, December.
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    1. Kuwayama, Mikio, 2005. "Latin American South-South integration and cooperation: from a regional public goods perspective," Comercio Internacional 4390, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    2. Izam, Miguel, 2003. "Rules of origin and trade facilitation in preferential trade agreements in Latin America," Comercio Internacional 4370, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    3. Pérez Caldentey, Esteban, 2005. "Export promotion policies in CARICOM: main issues, effects and implications," Comercio Internacional 4398, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    4. Eric Tremolada Álvarez, 2018. "La Cooperación Internacional como alternativa a los unilateralismos. colección Ius Cogens n.° 6," Books, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Derecho, number 1037.
    5. Marconini, Mario A., 2006. "Services in regional agreements between Latin American and developed countries," Comercio Internacional 4414, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    6. Alexis Saludjian, 2005. "Critiques du Régionalisme Ouvert à partir de l'économie géographique appliquée au Mercosur," Post-Print hal-00418506, HAL.
    7. Feinberg, Robert M., 2006. "Exploring the patterns and determinants of U.S. antidumping actions against Latin American imports, 1980-2004," Comercio Internacional 4422, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    8. Libman, Alexander & Vinokurov, Evgeny, 2016. "Региональные Организации: Типы И Логика Развития [Regional Organizations: Typology and Development Paths]," MPRA Paper 79383, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Catherine Figuière & Maria Mercedes Prado, 2012. "La Communauté Andine des Nations, CAN : quelle intégration économique régionale ?," Post-Print halshs-00676829, HAL.
    10. Sáez, Sebastián, 2005. "Trade in services negotiations: a review of the experience of the United States and the European Union in Latin America," Comercio Internacional 4403, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    11. Julián Tole Martínez, 2019. "Colombia entre los TLC y la OMC: ¿liberación o administración del comercio internacional?," Books, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Derecho, number 1139.
    12. Durán Lima, José Elías & Kuwayama, Mikio & Silva, Verónica, 2005. "Bilateralism and regionalism: re-establishing the primacy of multilateralism a Latin American and Caribbean perspective," Comercio Internacional 4401, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    13. Sáez, Sebastián, 2005. "Implementing trade policy in Latin America: the cases of Chile and Mexico," Comercio Internacional 4396, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    14. Pizarro, Ramiro, 1999. "Comparative analysis of regionalism in Latin America and Asia-Pacific," Comercio Internacional 4402, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    15. Julián Tole Martínez, 2019. "Colombia entre los TLC y la OMC: ¿liberación o administración del comercio internacional?," Books, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Derecho, number 1130.
    16. Mattos, José Carlos Silva & Acosta, María José, 2003. "Maritime transport liberalization and the challenges to further its implementation in Chile," Comercio Internacional 4387, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    17. Sáez, Sebastián, 2005. "Trade policy making in Latin America: a compared analysis," Comercio Internacional 4397, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    18. Silvia Amato, 2016. "East Asia Industrial Conversion Activity: Outlook at Post-Disaster Crisis Assessments with Technology Integration and Competitive Assimilation Modes," China Economic Policy Review (CEPR), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 5(01), pages 1-44, June.

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