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Income and Demand Policies in Brazil

In: Banking and Financial Deepening in Brazil

Author

Listed:
  • Francis A. Lees

    (St John’s University)

  • James M. Botts

    (Coopers & Lybrand)

  • Rubens Penha Cysne

    (Getulio Vargas Foundation)

Abstract
This chapter is divided into four main sections. In section 3.2 are presented three different ways to correct the continuous loss of purchasing power of wages in an inflationary environment. We concentrate our attention on the two mechanisms that have been used in Brazil: The ‘peak adjustment’ and the ‘average adjustment’. In the former case, wages are corrected, taking into consideration only past inflation. In the latter, future inflation must be forecast to permit the calculation of the nominal wage adjustment necessary to keep its purchasing power at the previous prevailing value. These different methodologies lead to completely different situations with respect to combating inflation, and are a key step in understanding the inflationary process in Brazil. The ‘peak adjustment’ is generally referred to in the literature as lagged (backward-looking) indexation. The ‘average adjustment’ is better defined as an incomes policy than as a method of indexing wages. It also is referred to as ‘forward-looking indexation’.

Suggested Citation

  • Francis A. Lees & James M. Botts & Rubens Penha Cysne, 1990. "Income and Demand Policies in Brazil," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Banking and Financial Deepening in Brazil, chapter 3, pages 55-87, Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:palchp:978-1-349-10639-4_3
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-10639-4_3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1987. "Macroeconomia Kaleckiana," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 102, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    2. Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1984. "O problema de credibilidade em política econômica," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 53, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    3. Simonsen, Mario Henrique & Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1987. "Demanda agregada e a curva IS," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 109, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    4. Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1985. "Política macroecononica no Brasil: 1964-66," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 55, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    5. Simonsen, Mario Henrique & Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1988. "A oferta agregada e o mercado de trabalho," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 121, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    6. Simonsen, Mario Henrique & Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1988. "Os fundamentos da análise macroeconômica," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 119, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    7. Fernando de Holanda Barbosa & Rubens Penha Cysne & Marcos Costa Holanda, 1992. "Underinvoicing of exports, overinvoicing of imports, and the dollar premium on the black market," Estudios Económicos, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Económicos, vol. 7(1), pages 69-83.
    8. Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1985. "Moeda Indexada," Revista Brasileira de Economia - RBE, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil), vol. 39(1), January.
    9. Simonsen, Mario Henrique & Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1987. "Demanda por moeda e a curva LM," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 108, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    10. Leal, Carlos Ivan Simonsen & Cysne, Rubens Penha & Werlang, Sérgio Ribeiro da Costa, 1985. "Macroeconomia com racionamento: um modelo simplicidade para economia aberta," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 89, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    11. simonsen, Mario Henrique, 1986. "Rational expectations, income policies and game theory," Brazilian Review of Econometrics, Sociedade Brasileira de Econometria - SBE, vol. 6(2), November.
    12. Barbosa, Fernando de Holanda & Brandão, Antônio Salazar Pessôa & Faro, Clovis de, 1988. "O reino mágico do choque heterodoxo," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 125, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    13. Barbosa, Fernando de Holanda & Pereira, Pedro L. Valls, 1987. "Insucesso do plano cruzado : a evidência empírica da inflação 100% inércia para o Brasil," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 98, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
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    Cited by:

    1. Brandão, Antônio Salazar Pessôa, 1988. "The brazilian agricultural policy experience: rationale and future directions," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 131, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    2. Cysne, Rubens Penha, 1988. "Brazilian economy in the eighties and the debt crisis," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 130, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).

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