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Multinational Corporations, Transfer Prices, and Taxes: Evidence from the US Petroleum Industry

In: Taxation in the Global Economy

Author

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  • Jean-Thomas Bernard
  • Robert Weiner
Abstract
Economic research on transfer-pricing behavior by multinational corporadons has emphasized theoretical modeling and institutional description. This paper presents the fiit systematic empirical analysis of transfer prices, using data from the petroleum industry. On the basis of oil imported into the United States over the period 1973 - 1984, we test two propositions: i) Are prices set by integrated companies for their internal transfers different from those prevailing in arm 's-length (i.e., inter-company) trade, when other variables, such as oil quality, are controlled for? ii) Do average effective corporate income tar rates explain observed patterns of transfer pricing? Regression analysis leads to the following conclusions: i) Transfer and arm's-length prices differ significantly for oil origznating in some countries but not all. When multiplied by the relevant import volumes, these differences are relatively smalL The revenue transferred through deviations from arm's-length prices represents two percent or less of the value of the crude oil imported by multinational companies each year. ii) The observed differences between arm's-length and transfer prices are not easily explained by average effective tax rates in exporting countries. Our results provide little support for the claim that multinational petroleum companies set their transfer prices to evade taxes. We offer several hypotheses to explain our findings.
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Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Thomas Bernard & Robert Weiner, 1990. "Multinational Corporations, Transfer Prices, and Taxes: Evidence from the US Petroleum Industry," NBER Chapters, in: Taxation in the Global Economy, pages 123-160, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberch:7207
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sanjaya Lall, 1980. "Transfer-Pricing by Multinational Manufacturing Firms," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: The Multinational Corporation, chapter 5, pages 110-136, Palgrave Macmillan.
    2. Jenkins, Glenn P & Wright, Brian D, 1975. "Taxation of Income of Multinational Corporations: The Case of the United States Petroleum Industry," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 57(1), pages 1-11, February.
    3. Panayotis Roumeliotis, 1977. "La politique des prix d'importation et d'exportation des entreprises multinationales en Grèce," Revue Tiers Monde, Programme National Persée, vol. 18(70), pages 353-365.
    4. N. E. Savin, 1980. "The Bonferroni and the Scheffé Multiple Comparison Procedures," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 255-273.
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