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Hot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime

Author

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  • Anthony A. Braga
  • Brandon Turchan
  • Andrew V. Papachristos
  • David M. Hureau
Abstract
Background In recent years, crime scholars and practitioners have pointed to the potential benefits of focusing crime prevention efforts on crime places. A number of studies suggest that there is significant clustering of crime in small places, or “hot spots,” that generate half of all criminal events. Researchers have argued that many crime problems can be reduced more efficiently if police officers focused their attention to these deviant places. The appeal of focusing limited resources on a small number of high‐activity crime places is straightforward. If crime can be prevented at these hot spots, then citywide crime totals could be reduced. Objectives To assess the effects of focused police crime prevention interventions at crime hot spots. The review also examined whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement (i.e., crime moving around the corner) or diffusion (i.e., crime reduction in surrounding areas) of crime control benefits. Search Methods A keyword search was performed on 15 abstract databases. Bibliographies of past narrative and empirical reviews of literature that examined the effectiveness of police crime control programs were reviewed and forward searches for works that cited seminal hot spots policing studies were performed. Bibliographies of past completed Campbell systematic reviews of police crime prevention efforts were reviewed and hand searches of leading journals in the field were completed. Experts in the field were consulted and relevant citations were obtained. Selection Criteria To be eligible for this review, interventions used to control crime hot spots were limited to police‐led prevention efforts. Suitable police‐led crime prevention efforts included traditional tactics such as directed patrol and heightened levels of traffic enforcement as well as alternative strategies such as aggressive disorder enforcement and problem‐oriented policing. Studies that used randomized controlled experimental or quasiexperimental designs were selected. The units of analysis were limited to crime hot spots or high‐activity crime “places” rather than larger areas such as neighborhoods. The control group in each study received routine levels of traditional police crime prevention tactics. Data Collection and Analysis Sixty‐five studies containing 78 tests of hot spots policing interventions were identified and full narratives of these studies were reported. Twenty‐seven of the selected studies used randomized experimental designs and 38 used quasiexperimental designs. A formal meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the crime prevention effects in the eligible studies. Random effects models were used to calculate mean effect sizes. Results Sixty‐two of 78 tests of hot spots policing interventions reported noteworthy crime and disorder reductions. The meta‐analysis of key reported outcome measures revealed a small statistically significant mean effect size favoring the effects of hot spots policing in reducing crime outcomes at treatment places relative to control places. The effect was smaller for randomized designs but still statistically significant and positive. When displacement and diffusion effects were measured, a diffusion of crime prevention benefits was associated with hot spots policing. Authors' Conclusions The extant evaluation research suggests that hot spots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy. The research also suggests that focusing police efforts on high‐activity crime places does not inevitably lead to crime displacement; rather, crime control benefits may diffuse into the areas immediately surrounding the targeted locations.

Suggested Citation

  • Anthony A. Braga & Brandon Turchan & Andrew V. Papachristos & David M. Hureau, 2019. "Hot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(3), September.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:camsys:v:15:y:2019:i:3:n:e1046
    DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1046
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Christopher S. Koper & Evan Mayo‐Wilson, 2012. "Police strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms: effects on gun crime," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 8(1), pages 1-53.
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    1. Daniel Mejía & Ervyn Norza & Santiago Tobón & Martín Vanegas-Arias, 2022. "Broken windows policing and crime: Evidence from 80 Colombian cities," Chapters, in: Paolo Buonanno & Paolo Vanin & Juan Vargas (ed.), A Modern Guide to the Economics of Crime, chapter 4, pages 55-87, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    2. Kevin Petersen & Robert C. Davis & David Weisburd & Bruce Taylor, 2022. "Effects of second responder programs on repeat incidents of family abuse: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(1), March.
    3. Castillo-Manzano, José I. & Castro-Nuño, Mercedes & Lopez-Valpuesta, Lourdes, 2024. "Planning traffic surveillance in Spain: How to optimize the management of police resources to reduce road fatalities," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    4. Mohammad Ali Haider & Pawinee Iamtrakul, 2022. "Analyzing Street Crime Hotspots and Their Associated Factors in Chittagong City, Bangladesh," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-24, July.
    5. Kang, Songman & Kim, Duol, 2022. "Focus vs. spread: Police box consolidation and its impact on crime in Korea," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    6. Vieira, João Pedro & Dahis, Ricardo & Assunção, Juliano, 2023. "From Deforestation to Reforestation: The Role of General Deterrence in Changing Farmers' Behavior," SocArXiv vqpkm, Center for Open Science.
    7. Timothy C. Matisziw & Mark Ritchey & Robert MacKenzie, 2022. "Change of Scene: The Geographic Dynamics of Resilience to Vehicular Accidents," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 587-606, September.
    8. Joshua C. Hinkle & David Weisburd & Cody W. Telep & Kevin Petersen, 2020. "Problem‐oriented policing for reducing crime and disorder: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(2), June.
    9. Yuchen Luo & Bruce Golden & Rui Zhang, 2023. "The Hot Spot Coverage Patrol Problem: Formulations and Solution Approaches," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 35(6), pages 1286-1307, November.
    10. João Pedro Vieira & Ricardo Dahis & Juliano Assunção, 2023. "The Role of Sanctions and Spillovers in Forest Conservation," Monash Economics Working Papers 2023-16, Monash University, Department of Economics.
    11. Kevin Petersen & David Weisburd & Sydney Fay & Elizabeth Eggins & Lorraine Mazerolle, 2023. "Police stops to reduce crime: A systematic review and meta‐analysis," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(1), March.
    12. Federico Masera, 2022. "The economics of policing and crimeThe economics of policing and crime," Chapters, in: Paolo Buonanno & Paolo Vanin & Juan Vargas (ed.), A Modern Guide to the Economics of Crime, chapter 2, pages 12-29, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    13. David Weisburd & Kevin Petersen & Taryn Zastrow & Robert Davis & Lorraine Mazerolle & Elizabeth Eggins, 2021. "PROTOCOL: Police stops to reduce crime: A systematic review," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 17(2), June.

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