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Dictator game giving: Rules of fairness versus acts of kindness

Author

Listed:
  • Gary E. Bolton

    (Department of Management Science and Information Systems, 303 Beam, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA)

  • Rami Zwick

    (Department of Marketing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China)

  • Elena Katok

    (Department of Management Science and Information Systems, 303 Beam, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA)

Abstract
In both dictator and impunity games, one player, the dictator, divides a fixed amount of money between himself and one other, the recipient. Recent lab studies of these games have produced seemingly inconsistent results, reporting substantially divergent amounts of dictator giving. Also, one prominent explanation for some of these differences, the impact of experimenter observation, displayed weak explanatory power in a different but related lab game. Data from the new experiment reported here offers some explanations. We find that dictators determine how much they will give on the basis of the total money available for the entire experimental session, not on the basis of what is available per game. This explains the reported differences between impunity and dictator studies. When distributing a gift among several recipients, individual dictators show little tendency towards equal treatment. Also, we find no evidence for the experimenter observation effect. Comparison with earlier experiments suggests that differences in the context of the game, affected by differences in written directions and independent of experimenter observation, account for differences across dictator studies. We propose a hypothetical decision procedure, based on the notion that dictator giving originates with personal and social rules that effectively constrain self-interested behavior. The procedure provides a link between dictator behavior and a broader class of laboratory phenomena.

Suggested Citation

  • Gary E. Bolton & Rami Zwick & Elena Katok, 1998. "Dictator game giving: Rules of fairness versus acts of kindness," International Journal of Game Theory, Springer;Game Theory Society, vol. 27(2), pages 269-299.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jogath:v:27:y:1998:i:2:p:269-299
    Note: Received August 1993/Final version April 1994 received additional support from a Research Initiation Grant, Penn State University. We are grateful for the comments of Jon Baron and an anonymous referee. Special thanks to Keith Ord for his advice on statistical analysis and to Shelly Geers for her assistance in running the experiments.-->
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