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The Housing Wealth Effect: The Crucial Roles of Demographics, Wealth Distribution and Wealth Shares

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  • Calomiris, Charles W.
  • Longhofer, Stanley D.
  • Miles, William
Abstract
Current estimates of housing wealth effects vary widely. We consider the role of omitted variables suggested by economic theory that have been absent in a number of prior studies. Our estimates take into account age composition and wealth distribution (using poverty rates as a proxy), as well as wealth shares (how much of total wealth is comprised of housing vs. stock wealth). We exploit cross-state variation in housing, stock wealth and other variables in a newly assembled panel data set and find that the impact of housing on consumer spending depends crucially on age composition, poverty rates, and the housing wealth share. In particular, states with more young people who are more likely to be credit-constrained, and older homeowners, likely to be "trading down" on their housing stock, experience the largest housing wealth effects, as suggested by theory. Also, as suggested by theory, housing wealth effects are higher in state-years with higher housing wealth shares, and in state-years with higher poverty rates (likely reflecting the greater importance of credit constraints for those observations). Overall, we estimate the average housing wealth effect to be approximately 8.1 cents per dollar. However, consistent with theory, demographic and wealth characteristics of the population cause this effect to vary widely across states and over time.

Suggested Citation

  • Calomiris, Charles W. & Longhofer, Stanley D. & Miles, William, 2013. "The Housing Wealth Effect: The Crucial Roles of Demographics, Wealth Distribution and Wealth Shares," Critical Finance Review, now publishers, vol. 2(1), pages 049-099, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:now:jnlcfr:104.00000008
    DOI: 10.1561/104.00000008
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    Cited by:

    1. Georgios Bampinas & Panagiotis Konstantinou & Theodore Panagiotidis, 2017. "Inequality, Demographics and the Housing Wealth Effect: Panel Quantile Regression Evidence for the US States," Working Paper series 17-01, Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis.
    2. Hui Chen & Michael Michaux & Nikolai Roussanov, 2020. "Houses as ATMs: Mortgage Refinancing and Macroeconomic Uncertainty," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 75(1), pages 323-375, February.
    3. International Monetary Fund, 2016. "Republic of Korea: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Korea," IMF Staff Country Reports 2016/278, International Monetary Fund.
    4. Esra Alp Coskun & Nicholas Apergis & Yener Coskun, 2022. "Threshold effects of housing affordability and financial development on the house price‐consumption nexus," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(2), pages 1785-1806, April.
    5. Stijn Claessens & M Ayhan Kose, 2018. "Frontiers of macrofinancial linkages," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 95.
    6. Dimitrios Gounopoulos & Kyriaki Kosmidou & Dimitrios Kousenidis & Victoria Patsika, 2019. "The investigation of the dynamic linkages between real estate market and stock market in Greece," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(7), pages 647-669, May.
    7. Bing Zuo & Zhaoqi Lai, 2020. "The effect of housing wealth on tourism consumption in China: Age and generation cohort comparisons," Tourism Economics, , vol. 26(2), pages 211-232, March.
    8. Erlingsson, Einar Jon & Teglio, Andrea & Cincotti, Silvano & Stefansson, Hlynur & Sturlusson, Jon Thor & Raberto, Marco, 2014. "Housing market bubbles and business cycles in an agent-based credit economy," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 8, pages 1-42.
    9. I-Chun Tsai & Che-Chun Lin, 2019. "Variations and Influences of Connectedness among US Housing Markets," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 22(1), pages 27-58.
    10. Liu, Lu & Wang, Qiuyun & Zhang, Anquan, 2019. "The impact of housing price on non-housing consumption of the Chinese households: A general equilibrium analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 152-164.
    11. Adam M Guren & Alisdair McKay & Emi Nakamura & Jón Steinsson, 2021. "Housing Wealth Effects: The Long View," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 88(2), pages 669-707.
    12. Bampinas, Georgios & Konstantinou, Panagiotis & Panagiotidis, Theodore, 2017. "Inequality, demographics and the housing wealth effect: Panel quantile regression evidence for the US," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 19-22.
    13. Borys Grochulski & Yuzhe Zhang, 2019. "Wealth Effects with Endogenous Retirement," Economic Quarterly, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue 3Q, pages 173-200.
    14. Stijn Claessens & M. Ayhan Kose, 2017. "Asset prices and macroeconomic outcomes: A survey," CAMA Working Papers 2017-76, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    15. Kontana Dimitra & Fountas Stilianos, 2022. "Consumption, personal income, financial wealth, housing wealth, and long-term interest rates: a panel cointegration approach for 50 US states," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 26(3), pages 417-435, June.
    16. Jonathan Kearns & Mike Major & David Norman, 2021. "How Risky Is Australian Household Debt?," Australian Economic Review, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, vol. 54(3), pages 313-330, September.
    17. Bhatia, Kul & Mitchell, Chris, 2016. "Household-specific housing capital gains and consumption: Evidence from Canadian microdata," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 19-33.
    18. Kroot, Jan & Giouvris, Evangelos, 2016. "Dutch mortgages: Impact of the crisis on probability of default," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 205-217.
    19. repec:ire:issued:v:22:n:01:2019:p:27-59 is not listed on IDEAS
    20. Dimitra Kontana & Fotios Siokis, 2019. "Revisiting the Relationship between Financial Wealth, Housing Wealth, and Consumption: A Panel Analysis for the U.S," Discussion Paper Series 2019_03, Department of Economics, University of Macedonia, revised May 2019.
    21. Sujata Saha, 2023. "Impact of House Price Changes on Durable and Non-Durable Consumption in the United States," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 26(1), pages 73-93.
    22. Chi-Wei Su & Xiao-Cui Yin & Ran Tao, 2018. "How do housing prices affect consumption in China? New evidence from a continuous wavelet analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(9), pages 1-14, September.
    23. Francesco G. Caloia & Mauro Mastrogiacomo, 2022. "The housing wealth effect: The role of renovations and home improvements," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 50(6), pages 1532-1547, November.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • J11 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

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