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Governance and Women's Economic and Political Participation: Power Inequalities, Formal Constraints and Norms

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  • Annamaria Milazzo
  • Markus Goldstein
Abstract
Have institutional reforms been successful in reducing persistent gender gaps in economic and political participation? This paper argues that, at the roots of current gender inequalities, there are traditional patriarchal social structures in which power is unequally distributed, with men traditionally holding authority over women. The power imbalance is manifested in governance arrangements, of which we consider discriminatory formal laws and informal normative systems that perpetuate gender inequality. We review the evidence on the effectiveness of reforms addressing gender inequality and applied via formal law changes. Given the possibility of endogeneity issues as reforms may have been adopted in countries where attitudes toward women had already been improving, we focus on micro-empirical studies that tackle this challenge. The evidence suggests that some reforms have been successful in reducing inequalities. Power and norms can shift and sometimes temporary interventions can deliver long-term results.

Suggested Citation

  • Annamaria Milazzo & Markus Goldstein, 2019. "Governance and Women's Economic and Political Participation: Power Inequalities, Formal Constraints and Norms," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 34(1), pages 34-64.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:wbrobs:v:34:y:2019:i:1:p:34-64.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/wbro/lky006
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Pamela E. Ofori & Simplice A. Asongu & Vanessa S. Tchamyou, 2021. "The Synergy between Governance and Economic Integration in Promoting Female Economic Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers 21/071, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
    2. Sverker Sikström & Laura Mai Stoinski & Kristina Karlsson & Lotta Stille & Johan Willander, 2020. "Weighting power by preference eliminates gender differences," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Pamela E. Ofori & Simplice A. Asongu & Vanessa S. Tchamyou & Raufhon Salahodjaev, 2023. "The Synergy between Governance and Trade Openness in Promoting Female Economic Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers 23/001, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
    4. Lucungu, Prince Baraka & Dhital, Narayan & Asselin, Hugo & Kibambe, Jean-Paul & Ngabinzeke, Jean Semeki & Khasa, Damase P., 2022. "Local citizen group dynamics in the implementation of community forest concessions in the Democratic Republic of Congo," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    5. Ayman Issa & Mohammad A. A. Zaid & Jalal Rajeh Hanaysha, 2022. "Exploring the relationship between female director's profile and sustainability performance: Evidence from the Middle East," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(6), pages 1980-2002, September.

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