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Gender Dynamics in Crowdfunding (Kickstarter): Evidence on Entrepreneurs, Backers, and Taste-Based Discrimination
[Women on the verge of a breakthrough: networking among entrepreneurs in the United States and Italy]

Author

Listed:
  • Hadar Gafni
  • Dan Marom
  • Alicia Robb
  • Orly Sade
Abstract
This study focuses on the launch phase of the leading reward-based crowdfunding market—Kickstarter. It documents the behavior of male and female entrepreneurs in raising early stage capital. We find that women share as entrepreneurs in the platform (34.7%) does not equal to their share in the overall population, and they are concentrated in stereotyped sectors, both as entrepreneurs and as backers. We also find that women do not set lower funding goals than men, they enjoy higher rates of success than men, even after controlling for project categories and funding goals, and that backers of both genders have a tendency to fund entrepreneurs of their own gender. Our survey of Kickstarter backers finds evidence of taste-based discrimination by male backers.

Suggested Citation

  • Hadar Gafni & Dan Marom & Alicia Robb & Orly Sade, 2021. "Gender Dynamics in Crowdfunding (Kickstarter): Evidence on Entrepreneurs, Backers, and Taste-Based Discrimination [Women on the verge of a breakthrough: networking among entrepreneurs in the United," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 25(2), pages 235-274.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:revfin:v:25:y:2021:i:2:p:235-274.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/rof/rfaa041
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Vincenzo Butticè & Diego Useche, 2022. "Crowdfunding to overcome the immigrant entrepreneurs’ liability of outsidership: the role of internal social capital," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(4), pages 1519-1540, December.
    2. Jörg Prokop & Dandan Wang, 2022. "Is there a gender gap in equity-based crowdfunding?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(3), pages 1219-1244, October.
    3. Li, Yuanqing & Sui, Sui & Wu, Sibin, 2022. "The effect of gender fit on crowdfunding success," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 18(C).
    4. Teng Ye & Jingnan Zheng & Junhui Jin & Jingyi Qiu & Wei Ai & Qiaozhu Mei, 2024. "Using Artificial Intelligence to Unlock Crowdfunding Success for Small Businesses," Papers 2407.09480, arXiv.org.
    5. McSweeney, Jordan J. & McSweeney, Kevin T. & Webb, Justin W. & Devers, Cynthia E., 2022. "The right touch of pitch assertiveness: Examining entrepreneurs' gender and project category fit in crowdfunding," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 37(4).
    6. Jessica Jones & Christina Hymer & Ashley Roccapriore & Brett Smith, 2024. "Does religion matter to angels? Exploring the influence of religion in entrepreneurial investor decision-making," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 62(4), pages 1337-1360, April.
    7. Goran Calic & Moren Lévesque & Anton Shevchenko, 2024. "On why women-owned businesses take more time to secure microloans," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 63(3), pages 917-938, October.
    8. Wesemann, Henrik & Wincent, Joakim, 2021. "A whole new world: Counterintuitive crowdfunding insights for female founders," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 15(C).
    9. Megan Yuan Li & Charson Cancan Dong & Shige Makino, 2023. "Does a Past Category’s Success Influence Existing Entrepreneurial Fundraising?: A Legitimacy Spillover Perspective," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 47(6), pages 2263-2292, November.
    10. Lin, Tse-Chun & Pursiainen, Vesa, 2022. "Regional social capital and moral hazard in crowdfunding," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 37(4).
    11. Alexandra Mora-Cruz & Pedro R. Palos-Sanchez, 2023. "Crowdfunding platforms: a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 1257-1288, September.
    12. Seigner, Benedikt David Christian & McKenny, Aaron F. & Reetz, David K., 2024. "Old but gold? Examining the effect of age bias in reward-based crowdfunding," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 39(3).
    13. Lin, Tse-Chun & Pursiainen, Vesa, 2021. "The round number heuristic and entrepreneur crowdfunding performance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    14. Olga Abramova, 2022. "No matter what the name, we’re all the same? Examining ethnic online discrimination in ridesharing marketplaces," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 32(3), pages 1419-1446, September.
    15. Brogaard, Jonathan & Gerasimova, Nataliya & Rohrer, Maximilian, 2024. "The effect of female leadership on contracting from Capitol Hill to Main Street," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    16. Howell, Travis, 2022. "Coworking spaces: An overview and research agenda," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(2).
    17. Seigner, Benedikt David Christian & Milanov, Hana, 2023. "Mirror, mirror—A gendered lens on female entrepreneurs’ facial attractiveness in reward-based crowdfunding," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 20(C).
    18. Kincaid, Paula A. & Short, Jeremy C. & Wolfe, Marcus T., 2022. "Got ink, get paid? Exploring the impact of tattoo visibility on crowdfunding performance," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 17(C).
    19. Elitzur, Ramy & Solodoha, Eliran, 2021. "Does gender matter? Evidence from crowdfunding," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 16(C).
    20. Lin, Tse-Chun & Pursiainen, Vesa, 2023. "Gender differences in reward-based crowdfunding," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    21. Bezalel, Jonathan & Mugerman, Yevgeny & Winter, Eyal, 2021. "Meaning and gender differences," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 95(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Crowdfunding; Discrimination; Gender; Early stage financing;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G29 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Other
    • G41 - Financial Economics - - Behavioral Finance - - - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination

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