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Maintaining adequate bank capital: An empirical analysis of the supervision of European banks

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  • Flannery, Mark J.
  • Giacomini, Emanuela
Abstract
During the recent financial crisis, many large banks’ losses were absorbed by their sponsoring governments, despite the fact that these banks complied with Basel standards for “adequate” capital. We illustrate a serious supervisory problem by demonstrating that large European banks’ reported regulatory capital measures often far exceeded their loss-absorbing capacity during 1997–2011. The cumulative value of government guarantees thereby extended to the largest 25 European banks over that period amounts to nearly €1.4 trillion, corresponding to an average of 28.5% of the banks’ equity market values. We show that early regulatory attention to declining equity value can substantially reduce the social cost of dealing with bank losses. This research is particularly relevant for European institutions at the present time, as the European Union deals with joint solvency concerns about its banks and its governments.

Suggested Citation

  • Flannery, Mark J. & Giacomini, Emanuela, 2015. "Maintaining adequate bank capital: An empirical analysis of the supervision of European banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 236-249.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:59:y:2015:i:c:p:236-249
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.06.008
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    Cited by:

    1. Mark J. Flannery, 2016. "Stabilizing Large Financial Institutions with Contingent Capital Certificates," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 6(02), pages 1-26, June.
    2. Fabrizio Crespi & Emanuela Giacomini & Danilo V. Mascia, 2019. "Bail‐in rules and the pricing of Italian bank bonds," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 25(5), pages 1321-1347, November.
    3. Andrew G. Atkeson & Adrien d’Avernas & Andrea L. Eisfeldt & Pierre-Olivier Weill, 2019. "Government Guarantees and the Valuation of American Banks," NBER Macroeconomics Annual, University of Chicago Press, vol. 33(1), pages 81-145.
    4. Robert J. Powell & Duc H. Vo, 2020. "A Comprehensive Stability Indicator for Banks," Risks, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-15, February.
    5. Moreira, Fernando, 2022. "Are we living in an illusion? A fresh look at the importance of bank capital in the quest for stability," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    6. Jochen O. Mierau & Mark Mink, 2018. "A Descriptive Model of Banking and Aggregate Demand," De Economist, Springer, vol. 166(2), pages 207-237, June.
    7. Stephen Matteo Miller, 2018. "The recourse rule, regulatory arbitrage, and the financial crisis," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 195-217, October.
    8. Barth, James R. & Miller, Stephen Matteo, 2018. "Benefits and costs of a higher bank “leverage ratio”," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 37-52.
    9. Vu, Phuong Thi Thu & Huynh, Nhan & Phan, Hoa & Hoang, Hanh, 2023. "Financial earthquakes and aftershocks: From Brexit to Russia-Ukraine conflict and the stability of European banks," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    10. Anani, Makafui & Owusu, Felix, 2023. "Regulatory capital and bank risk-resilience amid the Covid-19 pandemic: How are the Basel reforms faring?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    11. Chaiporn Vithessonthi, 2016. "The Consequences of Bank Loan Growth: Evidence from Asia," PIER Discussion Papers 19., Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research, revised Feb 2016.
    12. Jannis Bischof & Ulf Brüggemann & Holger Daske, 2023. "Asset Reclassifications and Bank Recapitalization During the Financial Crisis," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(1), pages 75-100, January.
    13. Michael B. Imerman, 2020. "When enough is not enough: bank capital and the Too-Big-To-Fail subsidy," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 55(4), pages 1371-1406, November.
    14. Vithessonthi, Chaiporn, 2023. "The consequences of bank loan growth: Evidence from Asia," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 252-270.
    15. Michael B. Imerman, 0. "When enough is not enough: bank capital and the Too-Big-To-Fail subsidy," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-36.
    16. Miller, Stephen, 2017. "The Recourse Rule, Regulatory Arbitrage, and the Financial Crisis," Working Papers 03097, George Mason University, Mercatus Center.
    17. Corbet, Shaen & Cumming, Douglas J. & Hou, Yang (Greg) & Hu, Yang & Oxley, Les, 2022. "Have crisis-induced banking supports influenced European bank performance, resilience and price discovery?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    18. KEQA, Flamur & ERGÜN, Uğur, 2020. "Capital Adequacy Ratios And Compliance With Basel Iii: Evidence From Albania," Journal of Financial and Monetary Economics, Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", vol. 8(1), pages 112-118, October.
    19. Philippe Oster, 2020. "Contingent Convertible bond literature review: making everything and nothing possible?," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(4), pages 343-381, December.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Capital adequacy; Bank regulation; Solvency;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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