[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i2p235-d197344.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Sustainable District Cooling Systems: Status, Challenges, and Future Opportunities, with Emphasis on Cooling-Dominated Regions

Author

Listed:
  • Valerie Eveloy

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, UAE)

  • Dereje S. Ayou

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, UAE)

Abstract
A review of current and future district cooling (DC) technologies, operational, economic, and environmental aspects, and analysis and optimization methodologies is presented, focusing on the demands of cooling-dominated regions. Sustainable energy sources (i.e., renewable, waste/excess electricity and heat, natural/artificial cold) and cooling/storage technology options with emphasis on heat-driven refrigeration, and their integrations in published DC design and analysis studies are reviewed. Published DC system analysis, modeling, and optimization methodologies are analyzed in terms of their objectives, scope, sustainability-related criteria, and key findings. The current and future development of DC in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, a major developing cooling-dominated market, is examined more specifically in terms of current and future energy sources and their use, and economic, environmental, and regulatory aspects, with potential technical and non-technical solutions identified to address regional DC sustainability challenges. From the review of published DC design and analysis studies presented, collective research trends in key thematic areas are analyzed, with suggested future research themes proposed towards the sustainability enhancement of DC systems in predominantly hot climates.

Suggested Citation

  • Valerie Eveloy & Dereje S. Ayou, 2019. "Sustainable District Cooling Systems: Status, Challenges, and Future Opportunities, with Emphasis on Cooling-Dominated Regions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-64, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:2:p:235-:d:197344
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/2/235/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/2/235/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gang, Wenjie & Augenbroe, Godfried & Wang, Shengwei & Fan, Cheng & Xiao, Fu, 2016. "An uncertainty-based design optimization method for district cooling systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 516-527.
    2. Oró, E. & de Gracia, A. & Castell, A. & Farid, M.M. & Cabeza, L.F., 2012. "Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 513-533.
    3. Shi, Xing & Tian, Zhichao & Chen, Wenqiang & Si, Binghui & Jin, Xing, 2016. "A review on building energy efficient design optimization rom the perspective of architects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 872-884.
    4. Connolly, D. & Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2016. "Smart Energy Europe: The technical and economic impact of one potential 100% renewable energy scenario for the European Union," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1634-1653.
    5. Jawahar, C.P. & Saravanan, R., 2010. "Generator absorber heat exchange based absorption cycle--A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(8), pages 2372-2382, October.
    6. Jing, Z.X. & Jiang, X.S. & Wu, Q.H. & Tang, W.H. & Hua, B., 2014. "Modelling and optimal operation of a small-scale integrated energy based district heating and cooling system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 399-415.
    7. Wu, Wei & Wang, Baolong & Shi, Wenxing & Li, Xianting, 2014. "An overview of ammonia-based absorption chillers and heat pumps," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 681-707.
    8. Lake, Andrew & Rezaie, Behanz & Beyerlein, Steven, 2017. "Review of district heating and cooling systems for a sustainable future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 417-425.
    9. Gang, Wenjie & Wang, Shengwei & Xiao, Fu & Gao, Dian-ce, 2016. "District cooling systems: Technology integration, system optimization, challenges and opportunities for applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 253-264.
    10. Rezaie, Behnaz & Rosen, Marc A., 2012. "District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 2-10.
    11. Enteria, Napoleon & Mizutani, Kunio, 2011. "The role of the thermally activated desiccant cooling technologies in the issue of energy and environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 2095-2122, May.
    12. Gang, Wenjie & Wang, Shengwei & Gao, Diance & Xiao, Fu, 2015. "Performance assessment of district cooling systems for a new development district at planning stage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 33-43.
    13. Wang, L.W. & Wang, R.Z. & Oliveira, R.G., 2009. "A review on adsorption working pairs for refrigeration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 518-534, April.
    14. Trygg, Louise & Amiri, Shahnaz, 2007. "European perspective on absorption cooling in a combined heat and power system - A case study of energy utility and industries in Sweden," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(12), pages 1319-1337, December.
    15. Svensson, Inger-Lise & Moshfegh, Bahram, 2011. "System analysis in a European perspective of new industrial cooling supply in a CHP system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 5164-5172.
    16. Gao, Jiajia & Kang, Jing & Zhang, Chong & Gang, Wenjie, 2018. "Energy performance and operation characteristics of distributed energy systems with district cooling systems in subtropical areas under different control strategies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 849-860.
    17. Marco Pellegrini & Augusto Bianchini, 2018. "The Innovative Concept of Cold District Heating Networks: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-16, January.
    18. Čož, T. Duh & Kitanovski, A. & Poredoš, A., 2017. "Exergoeconomic optimization of a district cooling network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 342-351.
    19. Srikhirin, Pongsid & Aphornratana, Satha & Chungpaibulpatana, Supachart, 2001. "A review of absorption refrigeration technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 343-372, December.
    20. Invernizzi, Costante M. & Iora, Paolo, 2016. "The exploitation of the physical exergy of liquid natural gas by closed power thermodynamic cycles. An overview," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 2-15.
    21. Zhen, Li & Lin, D.M. & Shu, H.W. & Jiang, Shuang & Zhu, Y.X., 2007. "District cooling and heating with seawater as heat source and sink in Dalian, China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(15), pages 2603-2616.
    22. Valerie Eveloy & Tesfaldet Gebreegziabher, 2018. "A Review of Projected Power-to-Gas Deployment Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-52, July.
    23. Chow, T. T. & Chan, Apple L. S. & Song, C. L., 2004. "Building-mix optimization in district cooling system implementation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(1), pages 1-13, January.
    24. Colmenar-Santos, Antonio & Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & Borge-Diez, David & Collado-Fernández, Eduardo, 2016. "Evaluation of the cost of using power plant reject heat in low-temperature district heating and cooling networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 892-907.
    25. Genchi, Yutaka & Kikegawa, Yukihiro & Inaba, Atsushi, 2002. "CO2 payback-time assessment of a regional-scale heating and cooling system using a ground source heat-pump in a high energy-consumption area in Tokyo," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(3), pages 147-160, March.
    26. Ondeck, Abigail D. & Edgar, Thomas F. & Baldea, Michael, 2015. "Optimal operation of a residential district-level combined photovoltaic/natural gas power and cooling system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 593-606.
    27. Abed, Azher M. & Alghoul, M.A. & Sopian, K. & Majdi, Hasan Sh. & Al-Shamani, Ali Najah & Muftah, A.F., 2017. "Enhancement aspects of single stage absorption cooling cycle: A detailed review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 1010-1045.
    28. Harish, V.S.K.V. & Kumar, Arun, 2016. "A review on modeling and simulation of building energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 1272-1292.
    29. La Rocca, Vincenzo, 2010. "Cold recovery during regasification of LNG part one: Cold utilization far from the regasification facility," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 2049-2058.
    30. Udomsri, Seksan & Martin, Andrew R. & Martin, Viktoria, 2011. "Thermally driven cooling coupled with municipal solid waste-fired power plant: Application of combined heat, cooling and power in tropical urban areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(5), pages 1532-1542, May.
    31. Lizana, Jesús & Chacartegui, Ricardo & Barrios-Padura, Angela & Ortiz, Carlos, 2018. "Advanced low-carbon energy measures based on thermal energy storage in buildings: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3705-3749.
    32. Besagni, Giorgio & Mereu, Riccardo & Inzoli, Fabio, 2016. "Ejector refrigeration: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 373-407.
    33. Chen, Jianyong & Jarall, Sad & Havtun, Hans & Palm, Björn, 2015. "A review on versatile ejector applications in refrigeration systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 67-90.
    34. Werner, Sven, 2017. "International review of district heating and cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 617-631.
    35. She, Xiaohui & Cong, Lin & Nie, Binjian & Leng, Guanghui & Peng, Hao & Chen, Yi & Zhang, Xiaosong & Wen, Tao & Yang, Hongxing & Luo, Yimo, 2018. "Energy-efficient and -economic technologies for air conditioning with vapor compression refrigeration: A comprehensive review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 157-186.
    36. La Rocca, Vincenzo, 2011. "Cold recovery during regasification of LNG part two: Applications in an Agro Food Industry and a Hypermarket," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 4897-4908.
    37. Ravelli, S. & Franchini, G. & Perdichizzi, A., 2018. "Comparison of different CSP technologies for combined power and cooling production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 712-721.
    38. Jradi, M. & Riffat, S., 2014. "Tri-generation systems: Energy policies, prime movers, cooling technologies, configurations and operation strategies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 396-415.
    39. Birol Kılkış & Şiir Kılkış, 2018. "Hydrogen Economy Model for Nearly Net-Zero Cities with Exergy Rationale and Energy-Water Nexus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-33, May.
    40. Chow, T. T. & Au, W. H. & Yau, Raymond & Cheng, Vincent & Chan, Apple & Fong, K. F., 2004. "Applying district-cooling technology in Hong Kong," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 79(3), pages 275-289, November.
    41. Yan, Chengchu & Gang, Wenjie & Niu, Xiaofeng & Peng, Xujian & Wang, Shengwei, 2017. "Quantitative evaluation of the impact of building load characteristics on energy performance of district cooling systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 635-643.
    42. Liew, Peng Yen & Walmsley, Timothy Gordon & Wan Alwi, Sharifah Rafidah & Abdul Manan, Zainuddin & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Varbanov, Petar Sabev, 2016. "Integrating district cooling systems in Locally Integrated Energy Sectors through Total Site Heat Integration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1350-1363.
    43. Perdichizzi, A. & Barigozzi, G. & Franchini, G. & Ravelli, S., 2015. "Peak shaving strategy through a solar combined cooling and power system in remote hot climate areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 154-163.
    44. Chan, Apple L.S. & Chow, Tin-Tai & Fong, Square K.F. & Lin, John Z., 2006. "Performance evaluation of district cooling plant with ice storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(14), pages 2750-2762.
    45. Vandermeulen, Annelies & van der Heijde, Bram & Helsen, Lieve, 2018. "Controlling district heating and cooling networks to unlock flexibility: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 103-115.
    46. Felix Ampofo & Graeme Maidment & John Missenden, 2006. "Groundwater cooling systems in London," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 1(4), pages 336-342, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Chima Cyril Hampo & Hamdan Haji Ya & Mohd Amin Abd Majid & Ainul Akmar Mokhtar & Ambagaha Hewage Dona Kalpani Rasangika & Musa Muhammed, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Vapor Compression Cooling System Integrated within a District Cooling Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-27, October.
    2. Shahzad, Muhammad Wakil & Burhan, Muhammad & Ybyraiymkul, Doskhan & Oh, Seung Jin & Ng, Kim Choon, 2019. "An improved indirect evaporative cooler experimental investigation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    3. Zhang, Wei & Hong, Wenpeng & Jin, Xu, 2022. "Research on performance and control strategy of multi-cold source district cooling system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    4. Omais Abdur Rehman & Valeria Palomba & Andrea Frazzica & Luisa F. Cabeza, 2021. "Enabling Technologies for Sector Coupling: A Review on the Role of Heat Pumps and Thermal Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-30, December.
    5. Kadam, Sambhaji T. & Kyriakides, Alexios-Spyridon & Khan, Muhammad Saad & Shehabi, Mohammad & Papadopoulos, Athanasios I. & Hassan, Ibrahim & Rahman, Mohammad Azizur & Seferlis, Panos, 2022. "Thermo-economic and environmental assessment of hybrid vapor compression-absorption refrigeration systems for district cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    6. Saleh Abushamah, Hussein Abdulkareem & Skoda, Radek, 2022. "Nuclear energy for district cooling systems – Novel approach and its eco-environmental assessment method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    7. Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Werner, Sven & Dyrelund, Anders & Lund, Henrik & Arabkoohsar, Ahmad & Sorknæs, Peter & Gudmundsson, Oddgeir & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2022. "The four generations of district cooling - A categorization of the development in district cooling from origin to future prospect," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    8. Emad Ali & Abdelhamid Ajbar & Bilal Lamrani, 2023. "Modeling and Dynamic Simulation of a Phase-Change Material Tank for Powering Chiller Generators in District Cooling Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-22, June.
    9. Dereje S. Ayou & Valerie Eveloy, 2020. "Integration of Municipal Air-Conditioning, Power, and Gas Supplies Using an LNG Cold Exergy-Assisted Kalina Cycle System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-31, September.
    10. Giampieri, A. & Roy, S. & Shivaprasad, K.V. & Smallbone, A.J. & Roskilly, A.P., 2022. "An integrated smart thermo-chemical energy network," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    11. Zabala, Laura & Febres, Jesus & Sterling, Raymond & López, Susana & Keane, Marcus, 2020. "Virtual testbed for model predictive control development in district cooling systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    12. Rabah Ismaen & Tarek Y. ElMekkawy & Shaligram Pokharel & Adel Elomri & Mohammed Al-Salem, 2022. "Solar Technology and District Cooling System in a Hot Climate Regions: Optimal Configuration and Technology Selection," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-24, April.
    13. Chima Cyril Hampo & Ainul Bt Akmar & Mohd Amin Abd Majid, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment of an Electric Chiller Integrated with a Large District Cooling Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, January.
    14. Valerie Eveloy & Yusra Alkendi, 2021. "Thermodynamic Performance Investigation of a Small-Scale Solar Compression-Assisted Multi-Ejector Indoor Air Conditioning System for Hot Climate Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-31, July.
    15. Barth, Florian & Schüppler, Simon & Menberg, Kathrin & Blum, Philipp, 2023. "Estimating cooling capacities from aerial images using convolutional neural networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    16. Jalil-Vega, Francisca & García Kerdan, Iván & Hawkes, Adam D., 2020. "Spatially-resolved urban energy systems model to study decarbonisation pathways for energy services in cities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    17. Yingying Chen & Jian Zhu, 2019. "A Graph Theory-Based Method for Regional Integrated Energy Network Planning: A Case Study of a China–U.S. Low-Carbon Demonstration City," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-17, November.
    18. Simon Pezzutto & Giulio Quaglini & Andrea Zambito & Antonio Novelli & Philippe Riviere & Lukas Kranzl & Eric Wilczynski, 2022. "Potential Evolution of the Cooling Market in the EU27+UK: An Outlook until 2030," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-25, April.
    19. Shin Fujii & Takaaki Furubayashi & Toshihiko Nakata, 2019. "Design and Analysis of District Heating Systems Utilizing Excess Heat in Japan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-14, March.
    20. Simon Pezzutto & Philippe Riviere & Lukas Kranzl & Andrea Zambito & Giulio Quaglini & Antonio Novelli & Marcus Hummel & Luigi Bottecchia & Eric Wilczynski, 2022. "Recent Advances in District Cooling Diffusion in the EU27+UK: An Assessment of the Market," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-16, March.
    21. Schüppler, Simon & Fleuchaus, Paul & Duchesne, Antoine & Blum, Philipp, 2022. "Cooling supply costs of a university campus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    22. Petersen, Nils Hendrik & Arras, Maximilian & Wirsum, Manfred & Ma, Linwei, 2024. "Integration of large-scale heat pumps to assist sustainable water desalination and district cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    23. Mika Fabricius & Daniel Øland Tarp & Thomas Wehl Rasmussen & Ahmad Arabkoohsar, 2020. "Utilization of Excess Production of Waste-Fired CHP Plants for District Cooling Supply, an Effective Solution for a Serious Challenge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-21, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yan, Chengchu & Gang, Wenjie & Niu, Xiaofeng & Peng, Xujian & Wang, Shengwei, 2017. "Quantitative evaluation of the impact of building load characteristics on energy performance of district cooling systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 635-643.
    2. Ahmed Al-Nini & Hamdan Haji Ya & Najib Al-Mahbashi & Hilmi Hussin, 2023. "A Review on Green Cooling: Exploring the Benefits of Sustainable Energy-Powered District Cooling with Thermal Energy Storage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Rismanchi, B., 2017. "District energy network (DEN), current global status and future development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 571-579.
    4. Li, Yu & Rezgui, Yacine & Zhu, Hanxing, 2017. "District heating and cooling optimization and enhancement – Towards integration of renewables, storage and smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 281-294.
    5. Gang, Wenjie & Wang, Shengwei & Xiao, Fu & Gao, Dian-ce, 2016. "District cooling systems: Technology integration, system optimization, challenges and opportunities for applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 253-264.
    6. Zabala, Laura & Febres, Jesus & Sterling, Raymond & López, Susana & Keane, Marcus, 2020. "Virtual testbed for model predictive control development in district cooling systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    7. Deng, Na & He, Guansong & Gao, Yuan & Yang, Bin & Zhao, Jun & He, Shunming & Tian, Xue, 2017. "Comparative analysis of optimal operation strategies for district heating and cooling system based on design and actual load," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 577-588.
    8. Inayat, Abrar & Raza, Mohsin, 2019. "District cooling system via renewable energy sources: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 360-373.
    9. Zhang, Wei & Hong, Wenpeng & Jin, Xu, 2022. "Research on performance and control strategy of multi-cold source district cooling system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    10. Happle, Gabriel & Fonseca, Jimeno A. & Schlueter, Arno, 2020. "Impacts of diversity in commercial building occupancy profiles on district energy demand and supply," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    11. Chua, K.J. & Chou, S.K. & Yang, W.M. & Yan, J., 2013. "Achieving better energy-efficient air conditioning – A review of technologies and strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 87-104.
    12. Persson, Urban & Wiechers, Eva & Möller, Bernd & Werner, Sven, 2019. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Heat distribution costs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 604-622.
    13. Colmenar-Santos, Antonio & Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & Borge-Diez, David & Collado-Fernández, Eduardo, 2016. "Evaluation of the cost of using power plant reject heat in low-temperature district heating and cooling networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 892-907.
    14. Deng, Na & Cai, Rongchang & Gao, Yuan & Zhou, Zhihua & He, Guansong & Liu, Dongyi & Zhang, Awen, 2017. "A MINLP model of optimal scheduling for a district heating and cooling system: A case study of an energy station in Tianjin," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1750-1763.
    15. Mohammadi, Mohammad & Noorollahi, Younes & Mohammadi-ivatloo, Behnam & Yousefi, Hossein, 2017. "Energy hub: From a model to a concept – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 1512-1527.
    16. Alessandro Guzzini & Marco Pellegrini & Edoardo Pelliconi & Cesare Saccani, 2020. "Low Temperature District Heating: An Expert Opinion Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-34, February.
    17. Ziemele, Jelena & Cilinskis, Einars & Blumberga, Dagnija, 2018. "Pathway and restriction in district heating systems development towards 4th generation district heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 108-118.
    18. Gang, Wenjie & Augenbroe, Godfried & Wang, Shengwei & Fan, Cheng & Xiao, Fu, 2016. "An uncertainty-based design optimization method for district cooling systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 516-527.
    19. An, Jingjing & Yan, Da & Hong, Tianzhen & Sun, Kaiyu, 2017. "A novel stochastic modeling method to simulate cooling loads in residential districts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 134-149.
    20. Guelpa, Elisa & Deputato, Stefania & Verda, Vittorio, 2018. "Thermal request optimization in district heating networks using a clustering approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 608-617.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:2:p:235-:d:197344. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.