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Urban commuting behavior and time allocation among women: Evidence from US metropolitan areas

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  • Akiko Sakanishi
Abstract
This paper examines the determinants of commuting time and hours worked among women living in US metropolitan areas. The empirical analysis using the data of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS‐USA) shows that commuting time and hours worked have a positive relationship. However, commuting time and hours worked are not direct causal relation but are affected by the common factors: wage rate and preference for non‐work activity time based on the theoretical model of time allocation. Commuting time increases with wages because the disutility of longer commutes must be compensated by higher wage income. The results of our empirical analysis show that commuting time is significantly dependent on wages, marital status, presence of children and household automobile ownership. Policies alleviating constraints of commuting and improving public transport are crucial for improving work‐life balance and expanding job opportunities for married women with many household responsibilities, which help to reduce regional labour market inequality. Este artículo explora los factores determinantes de la duración de los desplazamientos al trabajo y las horas que trabajan las mujeres que viven en las áreas metropolitanas de los Estados Unidos. El análisis empírico, que utiliza datos de la Serie Integrada de Microdatos de Uso Público (IPUMS‐USA, por sus siglas en inglés) muestra que la duración del desplazamiento al trabajo y las horas trabajadas tienen una relación positiva. Sin embargo, el tiempo de desplazamiento al trabajo y las horas trabajadas no tienen una relación causal directa, sino que se ven afectados por factores comunes: la tasa salarial y la preferencia por un tiempo de actividad no laboral basada en el modelo teórico de asignación de tiempos. El tiempo de desplazamiento al trabajo aumenta con los salarios porque la inutilidad de los desplazamientos más largos debe compensarse con mayores ingresos salariales. Los resultados de nuestro análisis empírico muestran que el tiempo de desplazamiento al trabajo depende significativamente del salario, el estado civil, la presencia de niños y la posesión de automóvil en el hogar. Las políticas que alivian las limitaciones de los desplazamientos al trabajo y mejoran el transporte público son cruciales para mejorar el equilibrio entre lo laboral y lo familiar y para ampliar las oportunidades laborales para las mujeres casadas con muchas responsabilidades en el hogar, lo que ayuda a reducir la desigualdad del mercado laboral regional. 本稿では、米国の大都市圏に住む女性の通勤時間と就労時間の決定要因を検討する。Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS‐USA)のデータを用いた実証的分析から、通勤時間と就労時間には正の関連性が認められた。しかし、通勤時間と就労時間は、直接的な因果関係にあるのではなく、時間配分の理論モデルに基づく賃金率および非就労時間における活動の優先性という共通の要因の影響を受けている。通勤時間は賃金とともに上昇するが、これは、より長い通勤時間の不効用はより高い賃金で補償されなければならないためである。実証分析の結果から、通勤時間は、賃金、婚姻状況、子供の有無、自家用車の所有に有意に依存することが示される。通勤の制約を緩和し公共交通機関を改善する政策は、多くの家事をしなければならない既婚女性のワークライフバランスを改善し、就労機会を増やすために非常に重要であり、また、地域間の労働市場の不平等を削減する一助となる。

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  • Akiko Sakanishi, 2020. "Urban commuting behavior and time allocation among women: Evidence from US metropolitan areas," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(2), pages 349-363, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:12:y:2020:i:2:p:349-363
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12261
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