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Black and White Fertility, Differential Baby Booms : The Value of Equal Education Opportunity

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  • Robert TAMURA

    (Clemson University)

  • Curtis SIMON

    (Clemson University)

  • Kevin M. MURPHY

    (University of Chicago)

Abstract
This paper produces new estimates for white and black mortality and fertility at the state level from 1800(20)–2000. It produces new estimates of black and white schooling for this same period. Using a calibrated model of black and white parents, we fit the time series of black and white fertility and schooling. We then produce estimates of the benefits of equal education opportunity for blacks over the period 1820–2000. For the better part of US history, blacks have suffered from less access to schooling for their children than whites. This paper quantifies the magnitude of this discrimination. Our estimates of the welfare cost of this discrimination prior to the Civil War range between 0.5 and 20 times black wealth, and between 0.5 and 10 times black wealth prior to 1960. Further we find that the Civil Rights era was valued by blacks in the South by between 1% to 2% of wealth. Outside of the South, we find significant costs of discrimination prior to 1960, ranging from 6% to 150% of black wealth. For these divisions from 1960–2000, blacks have attained rough parity in schooling access. The welfare magnitudes are similar to the hypothetical gains to blacks if they had white mortality rates. We show that the model’s black and white human capital series are strongly, positively correlated with state output measures, black and white permanent incomes and black and white earnings.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert TAMURA & Curtis SIMON & Kevin M. MURPHY, 2016. "Black and White Fertility, Differential Baby Booms : The Value of Equal Education Opportunity," JODE - Journal of Demographic Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 82(1), pages 27-109, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:ctl:louvde:v:82:y:2016:i:1:p:27-109
    DOI: 10.1017/dem.2015.17
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    Cited by:

    1. Eric A. Hanushek & Jens Ruhose & Ludger Woessmann, 2017. "Knowledge Capital and Aggregate Income Differences: Development Accounting for US States," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 9(4), pages 184-224, October.
    2. Nguyen Thang Dao & Julio Dávila & Angela Greulich, 2021. "The education gender gap and the demographic transition in developing countries," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 34(2), pages 431-474, April.
    3. Tamura, Robert & Dwyer, Jerry & Devereux, John & Baier, Scott, 2019. "Economic growth in the long run," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 1-35.
    4. David de la Croix & Clara Delavallade, 2018. "Religions, Fertility, And Growth In Southeast Asia," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 59(2), pages 907-946, May.
    5. Chi Pui Ho, 2022. "Reconciling Reversal of Fortune in early United States Development within a Unified Growth Framework," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, vol. 23(2), pages 341-383, November.
    6. Leonid V Azarnert, 2020. "Health capital provision and human capital accumulation," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 72(3), pages 633-650.
    7. Irakli Japaridze, 2019. "Envy, inequality and fertility," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 17(3), pages 923-945, September.
    8. Mandal, Abir & Regmi, Narendra & Tamura, Robert, 2021. "Education, Fertility and Incomes in the States of India: Demographic Transition," MPRA Paper 110378, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Robert TAMURA & David CUBERES, 2020. "Equilibrium and A-efficient Fertility with Increasing Returns to Population and Endogenous Mortality," JODE - Journal of Demographic Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 86(2), pages 157-182, June.
    10. Shervin Assari, 2018. "Diminished Economic Return of Socioeconomic Status for Black Families," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-10, May.
    11. Haupt, Harry & Schnurbus, Joachim & Semmler, Willi, 2018. "Estimation of grouped, time-varying convergence in economic growth," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 8(C), pages 141-158.
    12. Shervin Assari, 2018. "Parental Education Better Helps White than Black Families Escape Poverty: National Survey of Children’s Health," Economies, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-14, May.
    13. Karapanagiotis, Pantelis & Reimers, Paul, 2024. "Why does the schooling gap close while the wage gap persists across country income comparisons?," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    14. Bohn, Henning & Lopez-Velasco, Armando R., 2018. "Intergenerational mobility and the political economy of immigration," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 72-88.

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