National Endowment for Democracy
National Endowment for Democracy (NED) adalah sebuah organisasi non-pemerintah di Amerika Serikat yang dibentuk pada 1983 untuk mempromosikan demokrasi ke negara lain[1][2][3] dengan mempromosikan lembaga-lembaga demokratik seperti kelompok politik, serikat buruh, pasar bebas dan kelompok bisnis.[4] NED utamanya didanai oleh alokasi tahunan dari Kongres AS.[3][4][5]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama:0 - ^ Richmond, Yale (2008). Practicing Public Diplomacy: A Cold War Odyssey (dalam bahasa Inggris). Berghahn Books. hlm. 161. ISBN 978-0-85745-013-5.
NED was founded at the initiative of a small group of Washington insiders, who believed that the United States needed a "quango" (quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization) to promote democracy and counter communist influence abroad...
- ^ a b Otsuru-Kitagawa, Chieko (1998). "The Role of QUANGO in American Democratic Assistance". International Relations (119): 127–141. eISSN 1883-9916.
- ^ a b "About the National Endowment for Democracy" (dalam bahasa Inggris). National Endowment for Democracy. Diakses tanggal 2021-08-27.
NED is dedicated to fostering the growth of a wide range of democratic institutions abroad, including political parties, trade unions, free markets and business organizations
- ^ Dominguez, Jorge I. (2013). The Future of Inter-American Relations (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 429. ISBN 978-1-136-68424-1.
13: On NED and other QUANGO programs...
Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]| Sumber pustaka mengenai National Endowment for Democracy |
- Bollen, Kenneth; Paxton, Pamela; Morishima, Rumi (June 2005). "Assessing international evaluations: An example from USAID's Democracy and Governance Programs" (PDF). American Journal of Evaluation. 26 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1177/1098214005275640. Evaluation performed on behalf of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), at the request of and with funding from the Strategic and Operational Research Agenda (SORA) of USAID (Office of Democracy and Governance in the Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance), according to the (National Research Council 2008, hlm. 28). [pranala nonaktif permanen]
- National Research Council, Committee on Evaluation of USAID Democracy Assistance Programs (2008). Goldstone, Jack A, ed. Improving democracy assistance: Building knowledge through evaluations and research (6×9 inches, 15×23 cm). hlm. xvi+336. doi:10.17226/12164. ISBN 978-0-309-11736-4. Individuals can download the complete report (pdf format) for private use.
- Robinson, William I. (1996). Promoting polyarchy: Globalization, US intervention, and hegemony. Cambridge University Press.
- Kate Geoghegan, "A Policy in Tension: The National Endowment for Democracy and the U.S. Response to the Collapse of the Soviet Union," Diplomatic History, Volume 42, Issue 5, November 2018, Pages 772–801,
- Søndergaard, R.S. 2020. "The contested origins of US democracy promotion: the national endowment for democracy and its congressional critics." International Politics.
- Pee, Robert (2015). Democracy Promotion, National Security and Strategy: Foreign Policy under the Reagan Administration. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82865-0.
Pranala luar
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Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai NED.
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