Elektroterapi (kosmetik)

Eletroda "Galvanisme" menyentuh seekor katak, dan kakinya bergerak naik-turun^[1]

Elektroterapi kosmetik adalah serangkaian perawatan kecantikan yang meakai arus listrik yang dipasangkan melalui kulit untuk menghasilkan sejumlah efek terapi.^[2] Pemakaian kelistrikan dalam kosmetik telah ada sejak akhir abad ke-19,^[3]^[4] nyaris setahun setelah Luigi Galvani menemukan bahwa listrik dapat membuat otot pada kaki katak bergerak^[5] (lihat galvanisme). Riset berikutnya dalam elektrofisiologi dilakukan oleh orang-orang seperti Robert O. Becker, Dr Björn Nordenström,^[6] bekas ketua Komite Pemilihan Nobel untuk Kedokteran, dan Dr Thomas Wing,^[7]^[8] yang menciptakan beberapa perangkat arus mikro pertama.

Referensi

^ David Ames Wells, The science of common things: a familiar explanation of the first principles of physical science. For schools, families, and young students., Publisher Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman, 1859, 323 pages (page 290)
^ "Introduction, Facial Electrical Manual, The Carlton Institute. 23 pages. (Page 2)
^ See for example: "Dr Hardaway has remarked the wide usefulness of electrolysis in cosmetic manipulations." in The Medical Times and Register, Volume 16, (Author: Horatio Charles Wood), Publisher The Medical Publishing Company, 1886 (90)
^ In the treatment of scars (cicatrix): ".. electro-galvanic currents ought to remove cicatrical tissue of the skin, and thus prove of incalculable value as a cosmetic" in Eclectic medical journal, Volume 45, Ohio State Eclectic Medical Association, Published 1885, (page 99)
^ Thomas Thomson, An outline of the sciences of heat and electricity, Publisher Baldwin & Cradock, 1830. "Chapter VII: Of Electricity by Contact" (page 489)
^ Mark Woodhouse, Paradigm Wars: Worldviews for a New Age, Publisher Frog Books, 1996, ISBN 1-883319-42-0, ISBN 978-1-883319-42-7, 648 pages (page 192)
^ Deborah Powell, MicroCurrent for Horses (and other vital therapies you should know, Publisher Matrix Therapy Products, ISBN 0-9790774-0-0, ISBN 978-0-9790774-0-1 (page 15)
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama mernagh2004

Daftar pustaka

Lorraine Nordmann, Professional Beauty Therapy: The Official Guide to Level 3, 4th Edition, Publisher Cengage Learning EMEA, 2010, ISBN 1-4080-1928-0 ISBN 9781408019283, 496 pages. Chapter 8: "Electrical treatments"
Dawn Mernagh-Ward, Jennifer Cartwright, Health and beauty therapy: a practical approach for NVQ level 3 Edition 3, Publisher Nelson Thornes, 2004, ISBN 0-7487-9035-7, ISBN 978-0-7487-9035-7, 420 pages. Chapter 5. "Facial and Body Electrotherapy Treatments"
John Low, Ann Reed, Ann Reed (SRP.), Electrotherapy explained: principles and practice, 4th Edition, Publisher Elsevier Health Sciences, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7506-8843-7. 564 pages.
Basanta Kumar Nanda, Electrotherapy Simplified, Publisher Jaypee Brothers Publishers (2008), ISBN 81-8448-261-2, ISBN 978-81-8448-261-4. 548 pages

Pranala luar

BABTAC, British Association of Beauty Therapy and Cosmetology website: Galvanic Treatments | "Galvanic Cellulite Treatments"
Electrotherapy Museum website

[1] David Ames Wells, The science of common things: a familiar explanation of the first principles of physical science. For schools, families, and young students., Publisher Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman, 1859, 323 pages (page 290)

[2] "Introduction, Facial Electrical Manual, The Carlton Institute. 23 pages. (Page 2)

[3] See for example: "Dr Hardaway has remarked the wide usefulness of electrolysis in cosmetic manipulations." in The Medical Times and Register, Volume 16, (Author: Horatio Charles Wood), Publisher The Medical Publishing Company, 1886 (90)

[4] In the treatment of scars (cicatrix): ".. electro-galvanic currents ought to remove cicatrical tissue of the skin, and thus prove of incalculable value as a cosmetic" in Eclectic medical journal, Volume 45, Ohio State Eclectic Medical Association, Published 1885, (page 99)

[5] Thomas Thomson, An outline of the sciences of heat and electricity, Publisher Baldwin & Cradock, 1830. "Chapter VII: Of Electricity by Contact" (page 489)

[6] Mark Woodhouse, Paradigm Wars: Worldviews for a New Age, Publisher Frog Books, 1996, ISBN 1-883319-42-0, ISBN 978-1-883319-42-7, 648 pages (page 192)

[7] Deborah Powell, MicroCurrent for Horses (and other vital therapies you should know, Publisher Matrix Therapy Products, ISBN 0-9790774-0-0, ISBN 978-0-9790774-0-1 (page 15)

[mernagh2004-8] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama mernagh2004

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