Wariyar muhalli

Wariyar muhalli, wani nau'i ne na wariyar Hukumomi wanda ke haifar da yin ciko da ƙasa ko ƙonewa, da kuma zubar da shara masu haɗari a yankunan da baƙaƙen fata ke rayuwa.^{[1] [2]} A duniya ana kuma danganta shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ke sanya ayyukan mahalli kamar haƙar ma'adanai, haƙar mai, da aikin noma na masana'antu a kan asalin ƴan ƙasa da kuma ƙasashen talakawa wanda mafi yawancin mazaunansu mutane masu launi.^[1]

Martani ga wariyar muhalli ya ba da gudummawa ga adalci na muhalli, wanda ya fara daga kasashen Amurka da wajenta a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980. Wariyar launin fata na muhalli na iya yin illa ga ƙungiyoyin tsiraru ko kuma masu rinjaye, kamar yadda yake a Afirka ta Kudu inda wariyar launin fata ta yi illa ga muhalli ga Baƙar fata. Ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, cinikayya a sharar duniya na yin illa ga galibin ƙasashen duniya a ƙasashe matalauta waɗanda mutane masu launin fata ke zaune. ^[1] Har ila yau, ya shafi rashin lahani na musamman na ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ga gurɓacewar muhalli.^[3][4]

"Wariyar muhalli" kalma ce da Benjamin Chavis, tsohon darektan zartarwa na United Church of Christ (UCC) Commission for Racial Justice. A cikin jawabin da ke adawa da sanya sharar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mai haɗari a cikin gundumar Warren, ta Arewacin Carolina, Chavis ya ayyana kalmar a matsayin:

wariyar launin fata a cikin aiwatar da lamurran manufofin muhalli, aiwatar da ƙa'idoji da dokoki, da gangan niyya ga al'ummomin launin fata don wuraren sharar gida mai guba, takunkumin hukuma na kasancewar barazanar rayuwa na guba da gurɓatawa a cikin al'ummominmu, da tarihin ware mutanen launi daga jagorancin ƙungiyoyin halittu.

Sanar da wariyar launin fata na muhalli ya haifar da yunƙurin adalci na muhallu wanda ya fara a cikin 1970s da 1980s tare da tasiri daga yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na baya. Kungiyoyin Grassroots da kamfen sun jawo hankali ga wariyar launin fata na muhalli a cikin yin manufofi kuma sun jaddada muhimmancin shigar da 'yan tsiraru. Duk da yake wariyar launin fata na muhalli an danganta shi da tarihin da yunkurin adalci na muhallu, a cikin shekaru ana ƙara rarraba kalmar. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Warren County, UCC da Babban Ofishin Lissafi na Amurka sun fitar da rahotanni da ke nuna cewa wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari sun kasance a cikin unguwanni marasa galihu. da Dokta Robert D. Bullard sun nuna wariyar launin fata da aChaviska kafa daga manufofin gwamnati da kamfanoni wanda ya haifar da wariyar launin fatar muhalli. Wadannan ayyukan wariyar launin fata sun hada da redlining, zoning, da kuma tsara shirye-shiryen daidaitawa. Mazauna sun fuskanci wariyar launin fata na muhalli saboda rashin matsayinsu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da rashin wakilcin siyasa da motsi. Da yake fadada ma'anar a cikin "The Legacy of American Apartheid and Environmental Racism", Dokta Bullard ya ce wariyar launin fata na muhalli:

yana nufin kowane manufa, aiki, ko umarni wanda ya bambanta ko rashin fa'idodi (ko an yi niyya ko ba a yi niyya ba) mutane, kungiyoyi, ko al'ummomi bisa ga launin fata ko launi.

Ko da yake an ƙaddamar da kalmar a cikin Amurka, wariyar launin fata kuma tana faruwa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.^[5] Bincike ya nuna cewa tun lokacin da dokokin muhalli suka yi fice a kasashen da suka ci gaba, kamfanoni sun kwashe shararsu zuwa Kudancin Duniya. Ƙasashen da ba su da ci gaba akai-akai suna da ƙarancin ƙa'idodin muhalli kuma sun zama mafakar gurɓatawa.

Al'ummomin da aka ware wadanda ba su da hanyoyin tattalin arziki da siyasa don adawa da manyan kamfanoni suna da rauni ga ayyukan wariyar launin fata na muhalli wadanda ke cutar da lafiyarsu.

Adalci na muhalli yana fama da shingen hana samun dama ga aiki daidai gwargwado[bayani da ake buƙata], nishaɗi, ilimi, addini, da ƙauyuka masu aminci. A cikin "Muhalli na Talakawa", Joan Martinez-Allier ya rubuta cewa adalcin muhalli "ya nuna cewa ci gaban tattalin arziki - rashin sa'a yana nufin karuwar tasirin muhalli, kuma yana jaddada ƙaura daga wurare da matsuguni."

Akwai dalilai huɗu waɗanda ke haifar da wariyar launin fata na muhalli: rashin ƙasa mai araha, rashin ikon siyasa, rashin motsi, da talauci. Kamfanoni da hukumomin gwamnati suna neman ƙasa mai rahusa.^[6] A sakamakon haka, al'ummomin da ba za su iya tsayayya da waɗannan kamfanoni da hukumomin gwamnati ba kuma ba za su sami damar samun ikon siyasa ba za su ba za su taɓa yin shawarwari kawai ba. Al'ummomin da ke da karancin motsi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba za su iya komawa ba.^{[7] [8]} Rashin gudummawar kudi kuma yana rage ikon al'ummomi na yin aiki a zahiri da siyasa. Chavis ya bayyana wariyar launin fata na muhalli a cikin nau'o'i biyar: nuna bambancin launin fata a cikin bayyana manufofin muhalli, tilasta bin ka'idoji da dokoki, niyya da gangan ga al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru a matsayin wuraren zubar da sharar gida masu haɗari, hukuma ta hukuma ta gurɓataccen abu a cikin al'ummomi marasa rinjaye, da kuma cire mutane masu launin fata daga mukaman jagorancin muhalli.

Al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru galibi ba su da hanyar kudi, albarkatu, da wakilcin siyasa don tsayayya da wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari.^[9] An san su da amfani da ƙasa da ba a so a cikin gida (LULUs), waɗannan wuraren da ke amfana da dukan al'umma galibi suna rage ingancin rayuwar al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru. Wadannan unguwanni na iya dogara da damar tattalin arziki da shafin ya kawo kuma suna jinkirin adawa da wurin da yake a hadarin lafiyarsu. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan da ke da rikici ba za a iya zama a yankunan da ba na ƙarancin ba waɗanda ake sa ran su bi aikin hadin gwiwa kuma su yi nasara wajen tsayayya da zama na ayyukan a yankinsu.

A cikin birane a Arewacin Duniya, birane da gentrification suna haifar da alamu na wariyar launin fata na muhalli.^[10] Misali, fararen jirgin sama daga yankunan masana'antu don mafi aminci, mafi tsabta, yankunan da ke kusa da yankunan masanaʼantu. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, rashin aikin yi yana da yawa kuma kamfanoni ba su da damar saka hannun jari a inganta yankin, suna haifar da yanayin tattalin arziki mara kyau ga mazauna da ƙarfafa tsarin zamantakewa wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito na launin fata. Bugu da ƙari, talauci na masu mallakar dukiya da mazauna a cikin gari na iya la'akari da masu haɓaka wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari, tunda yankunan da ke da ƙimar ƙasa masu raɗaɗi za su adana kuɗin masu haɓakawa.

Binciken amfani da kaya (CBA) tsari ne wanda ke sanya darajar kuɗi akan farashi da fa'idodi don kimanta batutuwa. CBA na muhalli yana da niyyar samar da mafita ga manufofi don samfuran da ba a gani ba kamar iska mai tsabta da ruwa ta hanyar auna shirye-shiryen mabukaci don biyan waɗannan kayayyaki. CBA tana ba da gudummawa ga wariyar launin fata ta muhalli ta hanyar kimanta albarkatun muhalli bisa ga amfanin su ga al'umma. Lokacin da wani ya yarda kuma ya iya biyan ƙarin ruwa mai tsabta ko iska, biyan kuɗin da suke biya yana amfana da al'umma fiye da lokacin da mutane ba za su iya biyan waɗannan kayayyaki ba. Wannan yana haifar da nauyi ga al'ummomin matalauta. Komawar sharar gida mai guba ya cancanci tunda al'ummomin matalauta ba su iya biyan kuɗi kamar yankin da ya fi arziki don yanayi mai tsabta ba. Tsayar da sharar gida mai guba kusa da matalauta yana rage darajar dukiyar ƙasar da ta riga ta kasance mai rahusa. Tunda raguwar darajar dukiya ba ta da ƙasa da na yanki mai tsabta da wadata, fa'idodin kuɗi ga al'umma sun fi girma ta hanyar zubar da sharar mai guba a cikin yankin "mai ƙarancin ƙima".^[11]

Nuna wariyar launin fata na muhalli yana tasiri ga lafiyar al'ummomin da ke fama da yanayin talauci. Abubuwa daban-daban da zasu iya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da haɗari ga guba mai haɗari a cikin shara da koguna.rivers.^[12] Bayyanawa ga waɗannan gubobi na iya raunana ko jinkirta ci gaban kwakwalwa.^[13] Wadannan haɗari kuma suna shafar lafiyar mutanen da ke zaune a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin, suna nuna yadda kiyaye ingancin lafiyar muhalli yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa mutanen da ke fama da rauni suna iya rayuwa lafiya tare da sassan yanayin da suka dogara da su.

Kungiyar kare dabbobi In Defense of Animals ta yi iƙirarin aikin gona na dabbobi yana shafar lafiyar al'ummomin da ke kusa. Sun yi imanin cewa tafkunan turare da ke da alaƙa suna samar da hydrogen sulfide kuma suna gurɓata kayan ruwa na gida, wanda ke haifar da matakan zubar da ciki, lahani na haihuwa, da barkewar cututtuka. Wadannan gonaki an sanya su cikin yankuna masu karamin karfi da al'ummomin launi. Sauran haɗari sun haɗa da fallasawa ga magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, ɓarkewar sinadarai da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a cikin iska. Rashin tsabta a cikin wurare da kuma bayyanar sinadarai na iya shafar ma'aikatan gona, waɗanda galibi mutane ne masu launi..^[14]

Al'ummar kimiyyar yanayi suna buƙatar yin aiki akan rarraba bayanan da ake da su, bayanan da suke tattarawa, da kuma aiki don kawar da rashin daidaito na tarihi a cikin albarkatu. Misali, akwai karancin bayanai game da kara yawan raƙuman zafi a Afirka, duk da haka raƙuman zafin suna shafar mutane da yawa.^[15][16]

Yankin kudu maso gabashin Amurka ya sami gurɓataccen gurɓata kuma an sami rinjaye ga yawancin ƴan tsiraru tare da nauyin waɗannan tasirin. Akwai lokuta da yawa na mutanen da suka mutu ko kuma suna fama da rashin lafiya daga tsire-tsire na kwal a wurare kamar Detroit, Memphis, da Kansas City. Mazaunan Tennessee da West Virginia galibi suna fuskantar numfashi mai guba saboda fashewa a cikin duwatsu don hakar ma'adinai. fari, ambaliyar ruwa, raguwar ƙasa da ingancin iska suna ƙayyade lafiyar da aminci na mazaunan da ke kewaye da waɗannan yankuna. Al'ummomin launi da matsayi mai ƙarancin kuɗi galibi suna jin nauyin waɗannan batutuwan da farko. Akwai al'ummomi da yawa a duniya da ke fuskantar irin waɗannan matsalolin. Misali, aikin Desmond D'Sa ya mayar da hankali kan al'ummomi a Kudancin Durban inda masana'antun gurɓataccen yanayi ke tasiri ga mutanen da aka tilasta su sake komawa lokacin wariyar launin fata.

Ra'ayoyin siyasa na yanzu da ke kewaye da yadda za a yi batutuwan da suka dace game da wariyar launin fata na muhalli da adalci na muhallu suna canzawa zuwa ra'ayin yin amfani da adalci na tsari. Adalci na tsari shine ra'ayi wanda ke nuna amfani da adalci a cikin aiwatar da yanke shawara, musamman lokacin da ake yanke shawara a cikin yanayin diflomasiyya kamar rarraba albarkatu ko warware rashin jituwa. Adalci na shari'a yana buƙatar tsarin yanke shawara mai adalci, bayyane, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba tare da daidaito ga dukkan bangarorin su bayyana matsayinsu, ra'ayoyin, da damuwa. Maimakon kawai mayar da hankali kan sakamakon yarjejeniyoyi da tasirin da waɗannan sakamakon ke da shi a kan yawan mutanen da suka shafi da kungiyoyin masu sha'awar, adalci na tsari yana neman ya shafi duk masu ruwa da tsaki a duk lokacin tsari daga tsarawa ta hanyar aiwatarwa. Dangane da yaki da wariyar launin fata na muhalli, adalci na tsari yana taimakawa wajen rage damar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu iko kamar jihohin da ke cin hanci da rashawa ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke yi don tsara duk tsarin yanke shawara kuma ya mayar da wasu iko a hannun waɗanda za su shafi yanke shawara da ake yi.^[17][18]

Yin gwagwarmaya yana ɗaukar nau'o'i da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan shine zanga-zangar jama'a ko zanga-zambe, wanda zai iya faruwa a matakai daban-daban daga gida zuwa na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, a wuraren da masu gwagwarmaya ke jin kamar hanyoyin gwamnati za su yi aiki, ƙungiyoyi da mutane iri ɗaya na iya bin aikin siyasa kai tsaye. A lokuta da yawa, masu gwagwarmaya da kungiyoyi za su kafa haɗin gwiwa a cikin yanki da na duniya don samun ƙarin tasiri wajen cimma burinsu.

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2} BULLARD, ROBERT D. (2003). "Confronting Environmental Racism in the 21st Century". Race, Poverty & the Environment. 10 (1): 49–52. ISSN 1532-2874. JSTOR 41554377. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
2. ↑ Empty citation (help)
3. ↑ Dixson, Adrienne D.; Donnor, Jamel K.; Anderson, Celia Rousseau (April 2011). "Introduction to the Special Issue the Race for Educational Equity". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education (in Turanci). 113 (4): 699–702. doi:10.1177/016146811111300405. ISSN 0161-4681. S2CID 149421422.
4. ↑ Martin, Reinhold (16 June 2020). "Abolish Oil". Places Journal (2020). doi:10.22269/200616. S2CID 240984268 Check |s2cid= value (help). Retrieved 1 October 2022.
5. ↑ "Environmental racism: time to tackle social injustice". The Lancet Planetary Health. 2 (11): e462. 2018. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30219-5. PMID 30396431.
6. ↑ Colquette, Kelly Michele; Robertson, Elizabeth A. Henry (1991). "Environmental Racism: The Causes, Consequences, and Commendations". Tulane Environmental Law Journal (in Turanci). 5 (1): 153–207. JSTOR 43291103. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
7. ↑ "Environmental racism: time to tackle social injustice". The Lancet Planetary Health. 2 (11): e462. 2018. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30219-5. PMID 30396431.
8. ↑ Schroeder, Richard; Martin, Kevin St.; Wilson, Bradley; Sen, Debarati (2008). "Third World Environmental Justice". Society & Natural Resources. Abingdon, England: Taylor & Francis. 21 (7): 547–555. doi:10.1080/08941920802100721. S2CID 44016010.
9. ↑ Popper, Frank J. (March 1985). "The Environmentalist and the LULU". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 27 (2): 7–40. doi:10.1080/00139157.1985.9933448. ISSN 0013-9157.
10. ↑ Gilbert, Dianne (January 1993). "Not in My Backyard". Social Work. doi:10.1093/sw/38.1.7. ISSN 1545-6846.
11. ↑ Westra, Laura; Lawson, Bill E. (2001). Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742512498.
12. ↑ The Lancet Planetary Health (November 2018). "Environmental racism: time to tackle social injustice". The Lancet Planetary Health. 2 (11): e462. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30219-5. PMID 30396431.
13. ↑ Stange, Meta (23 December 2020). "Created Equal: Harriet Washington Unpacks Environmental Racism". WDET. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
14. ↑ "The Effects of Noise on Health". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
15. ↑ Lucas, Sarah (2 December 2015). "Animal Agriculture and Environmental Racism". IDA USA (in Turanci). Retrieved 26 February 2020.
16. ↑ Harris, David H. Jr. (30 July 1997). "The Industrialization of Agriculture and Environmental Racism: A Deadly Combination Affecting Neighborhoods and the Dinner Table". www.iatp.org. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
17. ↑ Checker, Melissa (2005). Polluted Promises: Environmental Racism and the Search for Justice in a Southern Town. New York City: New York University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0814716588.
18. ↑ Checker, Melissa (2008). "Withered Memories: Naming and Fighting Environmental Racism in Georgia". In Collins, Jane L.; di Leonardo, Micaela; Williams, Brett (eds.). New Landscapes of Inequality: Neoliberalism and the Erosion of Democracy in America. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School for Advanced Research Press. ISBN 978-1934691014.