Watsewar iri

Watsewar iri
biological process (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	plant dispersal (en)

A cikin tsire-tsire na Spermatophyte, tarwatsa iri shine motsi, yadawan ko jigilar tsaba daga mahaifa shuka. ^[1] Tsire-tsire suna da iyakataccen motsi kuma suna dogara da nau'ikan nau'ikan tarwatsawa don jigilar tsaba, gami da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar iska, da rayayyun halittu ( biotic ) kamar tsuntsaye. Ana iya tarwatsa iri daga shukar iyaye ɗaya ɗaya ko ɗaya, da kuma tarwatsa su cikin sarari da lokaci. An ƙayyade tsarin rarraba iri a babban ɓangare ta hanyar rarrabawa kuma wannan yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin alƙaluma da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na yawan tsire-tsire, da kuma tsarin ƙaura da hulɗar jinsin. Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyar na rarraba iri: nauyi, iska, ballistic, ruwa, da kuma ta dabbobi. Wasu tsire-tsire ba su da ƙarfi kuma suna tarwatsa tsaba kawai don mayar da martani ga haɓakar muhalli. Waɗannan hanyoyin yawanci ana ƙididdige su ne bisa ɗab'i, kamar fuka-fuki ko 'ya'yan itace masu nama. ^[1] Koyaya, wannan sauƙaƙan ra'ayi na iya yin watsi da rikitarwa a cikin tarwatsawa. Tsire-tsire za su iya watse ta hanyoyi ba tare da mallakar abubuwan da suka dace ba kuma halayen shuka na iya zama masu aiki da yawa. ^[2]

Watsawar iri na iya samun fa'idodi da yawa ga nau'ikan tsiro daban-daban. Rayuwar iri sau da yawa yakan fi girma nesa da shukar iyaye. Wannan rayuwa mafi girma na iya haifarwa daga ayyukan iri da suka dogara da yawa da mafarauta da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda galibi ke kaiwa ga yawan adadin tsaba a ƙarƙashin manya. ^[3] Gasa tare da tsire-tsire masu girma na iya zama ƙasa kaɗan lokacin da aka kwashe iri daga iyayensu.

Watsewar iri kuma yana ba da damar tsire-tsire su isa takamaiman wuraren zama waɗanda, ke dacewa don rayuwa, hasashe da aka sani da tarwatsawa . Misali, Ocotea endresiana (Lauraceae) wani nau'in bishiya ne daga Latin Amurka wanda nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa ke warwatse, gami da bellbird mai hawa uku . Maza bellbirds na kan matattun bishiyoyi don jawo hankalin abokan aure, kuma sau da yawa sukan yi watsi da tsaba a ƙarƙashin waɗannan perches inda tsaba ke da babban damar rayuwa saboda yanayin haske mai yawa da kuma tserewa daga cututtukan fungal. ^[4] A cikin yanayin tsire-tsire masu 'ya'yan itace, iri-tarwatsawa a cikin guts na dabba (endozoochory) sau da yawa yana haɓaka adadin, saurin gudu, da asynchrony na germination, wanda zai iya samun amfanin shuka mai mahimmanci. ^[5]

Tsabar da tururuwa suka tarwatsa( myrmecochory ) ba kawai a tarwatse ba ne kawai amma tururuwa suna binne su a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wadannan tsaba za su iya guje wa mummunan tasirin muhalli kamar wuta ko fari, isa ga microsites masu wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki kuma su tsira fiye da sauran iri. ^[6] Waɗannan fasalulluka na musamman ne ga myrmecochory, wanda hakan na iya ba da ƙarin fa'idodin da ba su samuwa a cikin wasu hanyoyin tarwatsawa. ^[7]

Watsawar iri na iya ba da damar tsire-tsire su mallaki wuraren zama da ba kowa da kowa har ma da sabbin yankuna. ^[8] Nisan tarwatsawa da wuraren ajiya sun dogara ne akan kewayon motsi na mai watsawa, kuma ana samun tsayin nisa tarwatsawa wani lokaci ta hanyar diplochory, tarwatsawa ta jere ta hanyoyi biyu ko fiye daban-daban. A haƙiƙa, shaidun baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na tarwatsa iri sun ƙunshi fiye da lokaci na tarwatsawa. ^[9]

Wani lokaci ana rarraba iri zuwa autochory (lokacin da aka samu tarwatsewa ta hanyar amfani da kayan shuka) da allochory (lokacin da aka samu ta hanyar waje).

Watsawar iri mai nisa (LDD) nau'in tarwatsewar sararin samaniya ne wanda a halin yanzu an siffanta shi ta nau'i biyu, daidai da nisa na ainihi. Nagartar shuka da tsira na iya dogaro da yawa akan wannan hanyar rarraba iri dangane da wasu abubuwan muhalli. Siffar farko ta LDD, nisa daidai gwargwado, tana auna adadin tsaba (1% daga cikin adadin iri da aka samar) waɗanda ke tafiya mafi nisa daga cikin yiwuwar rarraba kashi 99%. ^{[10] [11]} Ma'anar ma'anar LDD a haƙiƙanin ma'anarta ce don ƙarin matsanancin tarwatsawa. Misali na LDD zai kasance na shuka yana haɓaka takamaiman nau'in tarwatsawa ko ilimin halittar jiki don ba da izinin tarwatsa tsaba a nesa mai nisa. Hanya na ainihi ko cikakkiyar hanya tana gano LDD azaman nisa ta zahiri. Yana classified 1 km a matsayin nisan kofa don watsa iri. Anan, bakin kofa yana nufin mafi ƙarancin nisa da shuka zai iya tarwatsa tsaba kuma har yanzu ana ƙirga shi azaman LDD. ^[11] Akwai na biyu, wanda ba a aunawa, nau'in LDD baya ga daidaito da gaske. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin nau'in da ba daidai ba. LDD mara kyau shine lokacin da tarwatsa iri ta faru a cikin wani sabon abu da wuyar tsinkaya. Misali zai zama wani lamari mai wuya ko na musamman wanda itacen tsiro na Madagascar wanda ya dogara da lemur ya kasance ana jigilar iri zuwa gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗa jakar jaka (akwatin kwai) wanda shark ko skate ya shimfiɗa. ^{[12] [13] [14]} [6] Wani abin tuƙi don mahimmancin juyin halitta na LDD shine yana ƙara dacewa da tsire-tsire ta hanyar rage gasar tsire-tsire na makwabta don zuriya. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a fayyace ba a yau kan yadda takamaiman halaye, yanayi da cinikin ciniki (musamman a cikin gajeriyar watsa iri) ke shafar haɓakar LDD.

Tsire-tsire masu sarrafa kansu suna tarwatsa irin su ba tare da wani taimako daga waje ba, sakamakon haka wannan yana iyakance shuke-shuke da nisan da za su iya tarwatsa iri. ^[15] Wasu nau'ikan autochory guda biyu da ba a bayyana dalla-dalla a nan ba su ne blastochory, inda tushen tsiron yana rarrafe tare da ƙasa don ajiye iri a nesa da tushe na shuka; da herpochory, inda iri ke rarrafe ta hanyar trichomes ko hygroscopic appendages (awns) da canje-canje a cikin zafi . ^[16]

Barochory ko shuka amfani da nauyi don tarwatsa hanya ce mai sauƙi don cimma rarrabuwar iri. Tasirin nauyi akan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu nauyi yana sa su faɗo daga shuka lokacin da suka girma. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari da ke nuna irin wannan tarwatsawa sun haɗa da apples, kwakwa da sha'awar sha'awa da waɗanda ke da harsashi masu wuya (wanda sau da yawa ya juya daga shuka don samun ƙarin nisa). Watsewar nauyi kuma yana ba da damar watsawa ta ruwa ko dabba daga baya.

Ballochory wani nau'i ne na tarwatsawa inda ake fitar da iri da karfi ta hanyar fashewar 'ya'yan itacen. Sau da yawa ƙarfin da ke haifar da fashewar yana haifar da turgor matsa lamba a cikin 'ya'yan itacen ko saboda tashin hankali na ciki a cikin 'ya'yan itace. ^[15] Wasu misalan tsire-tsire waɗanda ke watsar da tsaba ta atomatik sun haɗa da: Arceutobium spp., Cardamin hirsuta, Ecballium spp., Euphorbia heterophylla, ^[17] Geranium spp., Impatiens spp., Sucrea spp, Radiya spp. da sauransu. Misali na musamman na ballochory shine Hura crepitans - ana kiran wannan shukar bishiyar dynamite saboda sautin 'ya'yan itacen yana fashewa. Fashe-fashe suna da ƙarfi da za su iya jefa iri har zuwa mita 100.

Witch hazel yana amfani da tarwatsa ballistic ba tare da abubuwan fashewa ba ta hanyar matse tsaba a kusan. 45 km/h (28 mph).

Allochory yana nufin kowane nau'in tarwatsa iri da yawa inda ake amfani da vector ko wakili na biyu don watsa iri. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haɗawa da iska, ruwa, dabbobi ko wasu.

Watsewar iska ( anemochory ) yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsoffin hanyoyin tarwatsawa. Watsewar iska na iya ɗaukar ɗayan nau'ikan farko guda biyu: iri ko 'ya'yan itace na iya shawagi a kan iska ko kuma, a madadin, suna iya girgiza ƙasa. ^[18] Misalai na yau da kullun na waɗannan hanyoyin tarwatsawa, a cikin yanayin zafi na arewa, sun haɗa da dandelions, waɗanda ke da pappus fuka-fuki da aka haɗe zuwa 'ya'yan itacen su ( achenes ) kuma ana iya tarwatsa su da nisa mai nisa, da maples, waɗanda ke da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu fuka-fuki ( samaras ) waɗanda ke tashi zuwa ga ƙasa.

Muhimmin ƙuntatawa akan watsawar iska shine buƙatar samar da iri mai yawa don haɓaka yuwuwar saukowar iri a cikin wurin da ya dace da germination . Wasu tsire-tsire masu tarwatsewar iska, irin su dandelion, na iya daidaita yanayin halittarsu don ƙarawa ko rage yawan ɓarkewar waje. ^[19] Hakanan akwai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙuntatawar juyin halitta akan wannan tsarin tarwatsawa. Misali, Cody and Overton (1996) sun gano cewa jinsunan da ke cikin Asteraceae a tsibiran suna son samun raguwar iyawar tarwatsewa (watau babban iri da kuma karami pappus) dangane da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in tsibiran. ^[20] Har ila yau, Helonias bullata, wani nau'in tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a Amurka, ya samo asali ne don amfani da watsawar iska a matsayin hanyar rarraba iri ta farko; duk da haka, ƙayyadaddun iska a mazauninsa na hana iri yin nasarar tarwatsewa daga iyayensa, wanda ke haifar da tarin yawan jama'a. ^[21] Dogaro da tarwatsawar iska ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin nau'ikan ciyawa da yawa. Hanyoyin da ba a saba da su ba na watsawar iska sun hada da tumbleweeds, inda dukan shuka (sai dai tushen) ke hura iska. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari na Physalis, idan ba su cika ba, wani lokaci iska na iya tarwatsa su saboda sarari tsakanin 'ya'yan itacen da calyx mai rufewa wanda ke aiki azaman mafitsarar iska.

Yawancin ruwa (mazauni na ruwa) da wasu nau'ikan ƙasa (mazaunan ƙasa) suna amfani da hydrochory, ko iri ta hanyar ruwa. Tsaba na iya yin tafiya na nisa sosai, ya danganta da takamaiman yanayin tarwatsa ruwa ; wannan ya shafi 'ya'yan itacen da ba su da ruwa kuma suna yawo akan ruwa.

Lily na ruwa shine misalin irin wannan shuka. Furen lilies na ruwa suna yin ' ya'yan itace da ke yawo a cikin ruwa na ɗan lokaci sannan kuma su faɗi ƙasa don yin tushe a ƙasan tafkin . Hakanan ana iya tarwatsa tsaban dabino da ruwa. Idan sun girma a kusa da teku, ana iya jigilar tsaba ta hanyar igiyar ruwa ta nisa mai nisa, wanda zai ba da damar tarwatsa tsaba har zuwa sauran nahiyoyi .

Bishiyoyin Mangrove suna girma kai tsaye daga ruwa; Idan 'ya'yansu suka yi girma sai su fado daga bishiyar su yi saiwa da zarar sun taɓa kowace irin ƙasa. A lokacin ƙananan igiyar ruwa, za su iya faɗi cikin ƙasa maimakon ruwa kuma su fara girma daidai inda suka faɗi. Idan matakin ruwan ya yi girma, duk da haka, ana iya ɗaukar su nesa da inda suka faɗi. Bishiyoyin Mangrove sau da yawa suna yin ƙananan tsibirai yayin da ƙazanta da ƙazanta ke tattarawa a cikin tushensu, suna yin ƙananan ƙasa.

Dabbobi na iya tarwatsa irin shuka ta hanyoyi da yawa, duk mai suna zoochory . Ana iya jigilar iri a waje na dabbobi masu rarrafe (mafi yawa dabbobi masu shayarwa), tsarin da aka sani da epizoochory . Nau'in tsire-tsire da dabbobi ke jigilar su zuwa waje na iya samun nau'ikan daidaitawa don tarwatsawa, gami da gamsai mai ɗaure, da ƙugiya iri-iri, spines da barbs. ^[22] Misalin misalin tsire-tsire na epizoochorous shine Trifolium angustifolium, nau'in nau'in clover na Old World wanda ke manne da gashin dabba ta hanyar gashin gashi wanda ya rufe iri . ^[8] Tsire-tsire na Epizoochorous sun kasance tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tare da nau'ikan wakilai da yawa a cikin iyalan Apiaceae da Asteraceae . ^[22] Duk da haka, epizoochory cuta ce da ba kasafai ake tarwatsawa ba ga tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya; an kiyasta adadin nau'in tsire-tsire tare da tsaba da aka daidaita don jigilar kayayyaki a wajen dabbobin da ke ƙasa da 5%. ^[22] Duk da haka, jigilar epizoochorous na iya yin tasiri sosai idan tsaba sun haɗa da dabbobi masu yawa. Wannan nau'i na tarwatsa iri yana da hannu a cikin saurin ƙaurawar shuka da yaduwar nau'ikan ɓarna. ^[8]

Watsewar iri ta hanyar cinyewa da bayan gida ta dabbobi masu rarrafe (mafi yawa tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa), ko endozoochory, shine hanyar tarwatsa yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi. ^[23] Endozoochory gabaɗaya wata alaƙa ce ta haɗin kai wacce shuka ke kewaye da tsaba tare da abinci mai gina jiki, 'ya'yan itace masu gina jiki azaman ingantaccen abinci ga dabbobin da suke cinye shi. Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire na iya tallata kasancewar albarkatun abinci ta amfani da launi. ^[24] Tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa sune mafi mahimmancin tarwatsa iri, amma nau'ikan sauran dabbobi iri-iri, gami da kunkuru, kifi, da kwari (misali itacen weta da scree wētā ), na iya jigilar iri masu dacewa. ^{[25] [26]} Matsakaicin adadin nau'in bishiyar da aka tarwatsa ta endozoochory ya bambanta tsakanin wuraren zama, amma yana iya kaiwa sama da kashi 90% a wasu dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi. ^[23] Watsewar iri da dabbobi ke yi a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi ya sami kulawa sosai, kuma ana ɗaukar wannan hulɗar a matsayin wani muhimmin ƙarfi da ke tsara yanayin halitta da juyin halittar kasusuwa da yawan bishiya. A cikin wurare masu zafi, manyan masu rarraba iri na dabba (kamar tapirs, chimpanzees, colobus baki-da-fari, toucans da ƙaho ) na iya tarwatsa manyan tsaba tare da ƴan wasu wakilai masu rarraba iri. Rushewar waɗannan manyan 'ya'yan itace daga farauta da asarar muhalli na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan yawan bishiyar da suka dogara da su don tarwatsa iri da kuma rage bambancin kwayoyin halitta. ^{[27] [28]} Watsewar iri ta hanyar endozoochory na iya haifar da saurin yaɗuwar nau'ikan ɓarna, kamar a yanayin ƙanƙara mai tsauri a Austalia. ^[29] Bambance-bambancen endozoochory shine regurgitation na iri maimakon ratsawar su a cikin najasa bayan wucewa ta gabaɗayan sashin narkewa. ^[30] Irin nau'in da tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa ke watsawa suna iya jingina kansu ga gashin fuka-fuki da gashin wadannan kashin baya, wanda shine babban hanyar tarwatsa su. ^[31]

Watsawar iri ta tururuwa ( myrmecochory ) wata hanya ce ta tarwatsewar ciyayi da yawa na shrubs na kudancin kogin ko kuma ganyayen da ba a san su ba na arewaci. ^[6] Tsaba na tsire-tsire na myrmecochorous suna da abin da aka makala mai wadataccen lipid da ake kira elaiosome, wanda ke jan hankalin tururuwa. Tururuwa suna ɗaukar irin waɗannan nau'ikan zuwa cikin yankunansu, suna ciyar da elaiosome zuwa tsutsansu kuma suna watsar da in ba haka ba iri iri a cikin ɗakin karkashin kasa. ^[32] Myrmecochory don haka dangantaka ce ta haɗin kai tsakanin tsirrai da tururuwa masu watsa iri. Myrmecochory ya samo asali aƙalla sau 100 a cikin tsire-tsire masu fure kuma an kiyasta yana kasancewa a cikin aƙalla nau'ikan 11 000, amma mai yiwuwa har zuwa 23 000 ko 9% na duk nau'ikan tsire-tsire na furanni. ^[6] Tsire-tsire na Myrmecochorous sun fi yawa a cikin ciyayi fynbos na yankin Cape Floristic na Afirka ta Kudu, ciyayi na kwangan da sauran busassun wuraren zama na Australia, busassun dazuzzuka da ciyayi na yankin Bahar Rum da dazuzzukan arewa masu zafi na yammacin Eurasia da gabashin Arewacin Amurka, inda. har zuwa 30-40% na kayan lambu na ƙasa suna myrmecochorous. ^[6] Watsawar iri ta tururuwa dangantaka ce ta juna kuma tana amfana da tururuwa da shuka. ^[31]

Masu farauta iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da rodents da yawa (kamar squirrels) da wasu tsuntsaye (kamar jays) na iya tarwatsa tsaba ta hanyar adana tsaba a cikin ɓoye. ^[33] Kwayoyin da ke cikin caches galibi ana samun kariya da kyau daga wasu mafarauta iri kuma idan ba a ci ba za su yi girma zuwa sabbin tsirrai. Bugu da kari, rodents kuma na iya tarwatsa tsaba ta hanyar tofa iri saboda kasancewar metabolites na biyu a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa masu girma. ^[34] A ƙarshe, ana iya watse iri na biyu daga tsaba waɗanda masu tarwatsa dabbobi na farko suka ajiye, tsarin da aka sani da diplochory . Misali, an san dung beetles suna tarwatsa tsaba daga kutsen najasa a aikin tattara taki don ciyar da tsutsansu. ^[35]

Sauran nau'ikan zoochory sune chiropterochory (ta jemagu), malacochory (ta molluscs, galibi katantanwa na duniya), ornithochory (ta tsuntsaye) da saurochory (ta sauropsids ba tsuntsu ba). Zoochory na iya faruwa a cikin fiye da lokaci guda, misali ta hanyar diploendozoochory, inda mai watsawa na farko (dabba wanda ya ci iri) tare da irin nau'in da yake dauke da shi ya ci ta hanyar wani mafarauci wanda ya ci gaba da ɗaukar iri kafin a ajiye shi. ^[36]

Watsawa da mutane ( anthropochory ) ya kasance ana ganinsa azaman nau'in tarwatsa ta dabbobi. Abubuwan da suka fi yaɗuwa da tsanani sun haɗa da dasa yawancin yankin ƙasa a duniyar, ta hanyar noma. A wannan yanayin, al'ummomin bil'adama suna kulla dangantaka mai tsawo da nau'in tsire-tsire, kuma suna haifar da yanayi don ci gaban su.

Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa masu tarwatsa mutane sun bambanta da masu tarwatsa dabbobi ta hanyar samun motsi mafi girma, bisa hanyoyin fasaha na jigilar mutane. ^[37] A gefe guda, tarwatsawa ta mutane kuma yana aiki akan ƙarami, ma'auni na yanki kuma yana haifar da haɓakar yawan al'ummomin halittu. A gefe guda kuma, tarwatsawa ta mutane na iya yin aiki a kan manyan ma'auni na yanki kuma ya haifar da yaduwar nau'in ɓarna . ^[38]

Mutane na iya tarwatsa iri ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma an yi ta auna wasu tazara mai tsayi. Misalai sune: tarwatsawa akan tufafin mutane (har zuwa mita 250), ^[39] akan takalma (har zuwa 5). km), ^[37] ko ta motoci (kullum ~ 250 m, lokuta marasa aure> 100 km). ^[40] Watsewar iri da motoci na iya zama nau'i na jigilar iri da mutane ba da niyya ba, wanda zai iya kaiwa nesa, fiye da sauran hanyoyin tarwatsawa na al'ada. ^[41] Motocin da ke ɗauke da ƙasa suna iya ƙunsar da tsaba masu ɗorewa, binciken da Dunmail J. Hodkinson da Ken Thompson suka yi ya gano cewa mafi yawan iri da ake ɗauka da abin hawa sune broadleaf plantain ( Plantago major ), ciyawa na shekara-shekara ( Poa annua ), rough meadow ciyawa ( Poa trivialis ), stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica ) da kuma daji chamomile ( Matricaria discoidea ). ^[41]

Har ila yau, watsar da iri da gangan yana faruwa a matsayin jefa bam . Wannan yana da haɗari, saboda rashin dacewa zai iya gabatar da tsire-tsire marasa dacewa ga sababbin wurare.

Watsewar iri yana da sakamako da yawa ga ilimin halitta da juyin halitta. Watsawa ya zama dole don gudun hijirar jinsuna, kuma a cikin 'yan lokutan tarwatsawa yana da mahimmanci a cikin ko wani nau'in da aka kai zuwa sabon wurin zama da mutane zai zama nau'in cin zarafi ko a'a. ^[42] Ana kuma hasashen tarwatsawa za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a asali da kiyaye bambancin nau'in. Misali, myrmecochory ya karu fiye da ninki biyu a cikin kungiyoyin shuka wanda ya samo asali saboda zuriyar myrmecochorous sun ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 'yan'uwansu waɗanda ba na myrmecochorous ba. ^[43] Watsewar iri da ke nesa da kwayoyin halitta yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manyan ra'ayoyi guda biyu don yadda ake kiyaye bambancin halittu a cikin yanayin halitta, hasashen Janzen-Connell da iyakance daukar ma'aikata. ^[3] Watsewar iri yana da mahimmanci wajen ba da izinin ƙaurawar gandun daji na furanni. Za a iya yin tasiri ta hanyar samar da nau'in 'ya'yan itace daban-daban a cikin tsire-tsire, al'amarin da aka sani da heterocarpy. ^[44] Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace sun bambanta da girmansu da siffa kuma suna da jeri daban-daban na tarwatsawa, wanda ke ba da damar tarwatsa tsaba don bambance-bambancen nesa da daidaitawa zuwa yanayi daban-daban. ^[44]

Bugu da kari, gudun da kuma alkiblar iskar suna da matukar tasiri a tsarin tarwatsawa da kuma bi da bi-bi-da-kullin da ake samu na tsaba masu shawagi a cikin rukunan ruwa. Ana gudanar da sufurin tsaba ta hanyar iska. Wannan yana haifar da mulkin mallaka a gefen kogi ko zuwa wuraren dausayi kusa da rafuffukan da ke kusa da kwatancen iska. Tsarin tarwatsawar iska na iya shafar haɗin kai tsakanin jikunan ruwa. Ainihin, iska tana taka rawa sosai wajen tarwatsa tsaba na ruwa a cikin kankanin lokaci, kwanaki da yanayi, amma tsarin muhalli yana ba da damar tsarin ya daidaita cikin tsawon shekaru da yawa. Lokacin lokacin da tarwatsawa ya faru yana da mahimmanci lokacin la'akari da sakamakon iska akan tsarin muhalli.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

 Samfuri:Botany

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