Ruwa Mai Tonic

Tonic water (or Indian tonic water) is a carbonated soft drink in which quinine is dissolved. Originally used as a prophylactic against malaria, nowadays tonic water usually has a significantly lower quinine content and is often sweetened. It is consumed for its distinctive bitter flavor and is frequently used in mixed drinks, particularly in gin and tonic.

Tun a karni na 17 Mutanen Espanya sun yi amfani da quinine daga bawon itatuwan Cinchona don magance zazzabin cizon sauro bayan an nuna musu maganin daga 'yan asalin Peru, Bolivia, da Ecuador.^[1]

A farkon karni na 19, Indiya da sauran wurare masu zafi na Daular Burtaniya, an ba da shawarar maganin quinine ga jami'an Burtaniya da sojoji don hana zazzabin cizon sauro, inda aka hada shi da soda da sukari don rufe ɗanɗanonta, yana haifar da ruwan tonic.

Ruwan tonic na magani na asali ya ƙunshi ruwan carbonated kawai da adadi mai yawa na quinine. Yawancin ruwan tonic na zamani sun ƙunshi ƙarancin quinine, kuma galibi ana haɓaka su da ɗanɗanon citrus. A sakamakon ƙananan abun ciki na quinine, ruwan tonic ba shi da daci. Har ila yau, yawanci ana yin zaƙi, sau da yawa tare da ƙara yawan fructose masara syrup ko sukari. Wasu masana'antun kuma suna samar da ruwan tonic abinci (ko "slimline"), wanda zai iya ƙunsar kayan zaki na wucin gadi, kamar aspartame. Ruwan tonic na gargajiya na al'ada tare da adadin quinine da ruwan carbonated ba su da yawa, amma waɗanda ke son ɗanɗano mai ɗaci na iya fifita su.

A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ƙayyade abun cikin quinine a cikin ruwan tonic zuwa 83 ppm (83 mg kowace lita), yayin da adadin maganin quinine na yau da kullun yana cikin kewayon 500-1000 mg, da 10. mg/kg kowane sa'o'i takwas don ingantaccen rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro (MG2,100 kowace rana ga babba mai kilo 70 (150 lb)). Har zuwa kusan 2010, ana ba da shawarar quinine a matsayin taimako ga ciwon ƙafafu, kodayake binciken likita ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar wasu kulawa a cikin allurai. Saboda haɗarin quinine, FDA ta gargaɗi masu amfani da su akan amfani da magungunan quinine na "off-label" don magance ciwon ƙafa.^[2]

Ana amfani da ruwan tonic sau da yawa azaman mahaɗin abin sha don cocktails, musamman gin da tonic. Vodka tonic kuma sananne ne. Ruwan tonic tare da lemun tsami ko ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami da aka kara ana kiransa lemun tsami mai ɗaci ko lemun tsami. Ya shahara saboda sa hannun sa mai ɗaci amma ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Wani amfani da ruwan tonic yana cikin kofi. An kirkiro espresso da tonic a Helsingborg, Sweden, a Koppi Roasters bayan taron ma'aikata inda suka hada ruwan tonic, syrup, da espresso. Tun daga 2007, abin sha ya girma cikin shahara a Scandinavia, Turai, da Amurka.^[3]

An san ruwan tonic don haifar da tsayayyen fashewa, wanda shine nau'in amsawar fata ga kwayoyi, saboda abun ciki na quinine. Mujallun kimiyya daban-daban sun ba da rahoton cewa maimaita shan ruwan tonic na iya haifar da tsayayyen fashewa tare da bambance-bambancen tsanani, tare da bayar da rahoton farawar cutar Stevens-Johnson. An ga lokuta na ƙayyadaddun fashewa bayan marasa lafiya sun sha ruwan tonic, da kanta ko kuma gauraye da gin. Wasu alamomin fashewar fashewar sun haɗa da masu launin fata, zazzabi mai zafi, plaques erythematous, da bullae.^[4][5]

Quinine a cikin ruwan tonic zai yi haske a ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet. A zahiri, quinine zai iya fitowa a fili a cikin hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa bangon duhu. Kwayoyin quinine suna sakin makamashi a matsayin haske maimakon zafi, wanda ya fi kowa. Jihar ba ta tsaya tsayin daka ba kuma a ƙarshe ƙwayoyin za su koma yanayin ƙasa kuma ba za su ƙara haske ba.^[6]

• Ruwa daga Ingila

1. ↑ Achan, Jane; Talisuna, Ambrose O; Erhart, Annette; Yeka, Adoke; Tibenderana, James K; Baliraine, Frederick N; Rosenthal, Philip J; D'Alessandro, Umberto (2011-05-24). "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". Malaria Journal. 10: 144. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144. ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 3121651. PMID 21609473.
2. ↑ "FDA Advances Effort Against Marketed Unapproved Drugs: FDA Orders Unapproved Quinine Drugs from the Market and Cautions Consumers About Off-Label Quinine to Treat Leg Cramps". United States Food and Drug Administration. 11 December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
3. ↑ "Espresso&Tonic: The Story of the Famous Coffee Drink". European Coffee Trip (in Turanci). 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
4. ↑ Bel, Blandine (2009-10-12). "Fixed eruption due to quinine contained in tonic water: positive patch-testing". Contact Dermatitis. 61 (4): 242–244. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01617.x. PMID 19825101. S2CID 673226. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
5. ↑ Ohira, Aoi (2013-06-03). "Fixed eruption due to quinine in tonic water: A case report with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet A analysis". The Journal of Dermatology. 40 (8): 629–631. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12195. PMID 23724855. S2CID 21534602. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
6. ↑ "Shining Science: Explore Glow-in-the-Dark Water!". Scientific American (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-04.