Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)
| Harshen Tonga | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 1,270,000 |
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
toi |
| Glottolog |
tong1318[1] |
Tonga (Chitonga), wanda aka fi sani da Zambezi, yare ne na Bantu wanda mutanen Tonga (Bantu Batonga) ke magana da shi wanda ke zaune galibi a lardin Kudancin, lardin Lusaka, lardin Tsakiya da lardin Yammacin Zambia, da kuma arewacin Zimbabwe, tare da wasu a arewa maso yammacin Mozambique. Harshen kuma ana magana da shi ta Mutanen Iwe, Toka da Leya da sauransu, da kuma yawancin Zambiya da Zimbabwe. A Zambia ana koyar da Tonga a makarantu a matsayin yare na farko a duk lardin Kudancin, Lusaka da lardunan Tsakiya.
Harshen memba ne na ƙungiyar Bantu Botatwe kuma Guthrie ya ware shi azaman M64. Duk da sunaye iri ɗaya, Tonga na Zambia bashi da alaƙa da Tonga na Malawi (N15) ko yaren Tonga na Mozambique (Gitonga: S62).
Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yare a Zambiya, tare da Bemba, Lozi da Nyanja . Akwai yaruka daban-daban na Tonga guda biyu: Valley Tonga da Plateau Tonga. Kwarin Tonga galibi ana magana ne a cikin kwarin Zambezi da yankunan kudancin Batonga yayin da ake magana da Plateau Tonga a kusa da gundumar Monze da arewacin Batonga. [2]
Tonga ya ci gaba a matsayin yaren magana kuma ba a rubuta shi ba har sai da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje suka isa yankin a ƙarni na 19. Ko da yake ana samun karuwar wallafe-wallafe a cikin harshen, ba a daidaita su gaba ɗaya ba, kuma masu magana da yare ɗaya na iya samun nau'ikan haruffa iri ɗaya da zarar an sanya su cikin rubutu a rubuce. [3]
Fassarar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Consonants
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Bilabial | Labio-<br id="mwNA"><br><br><br></br> hakori | Alveolar | Bayan-<br id="mwOQ"><br><br><br></br> alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a fili | dan uwa | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| M / </br> Haɗin kai |
mara murya | p | t | t͡ʃ ~ c | k | ||||
| murya | b | d | d͡ʒ ~ ɟ | ɡ | |||||
| prenasal vd. | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿd͡ʒ ~ ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | |||||
| prenasal vl. | ᵐp | ⁿt | |||||||
| Mai sassautawa | mara murya | f | s | sʲ | ʃ | h | |||
| murya | β | v | z | zʲ | ʒ | ɣ | ( ɦ ) | ||
| Ruwa | l ~ ɾ | ||||||||
| Semi wasali | murya | j | w | ||||||
| numfashi | ( j̤ ) | w̤ | |||||||
| mara murya | ( j̊ ) | w̥ | |||||||
- Hakanan ana iya jin /l/ azaman sautin famfo [ɾ] a cikin bambancin kyauta.
- Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ kuma ana iya jin su kamar yadda palatal ta tsaya [c, ɟ, ᶮɟ] a cikin bambance-bambancen kyauta tsakanin yaruka.
- /w/ kuma ana iya jin shi azaman labio-palatal [ɥ] lokacin faruwa kafin /i/.
- /f, v/ kuma za a iya ji a matsayin glottal fricatives [h, ɦ] a yaren Plateau.
- /sʲ, zʲ/ ana jin su kamar mara murya da numfashi kusan kusan [j̊, j̤] a cikin yarukan Arewa.
- Aƙalla wasu masu magana suna da latsa hanci na bilabial inda yarukan maƙwabta ke da /mw/, kamar a cikin 'yaro' mwana da kunwa 'don sha'. [4]
Wasula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i iː | u uː | |
| Tsakar | e eː | o oː | |
| Bude | a aː |
Kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tonga ko Chitonga suna bin daidaitaccen tsarin harshen Bantu . Kalma ɗaya na iya haɗawa da alamar jigo, alamar tashin hankali, abu kai tsaye, har ma da wani abu kai tsaye, haɗe da tushen fi'ili kanta.
| Tashin hankali [5] | Alamar tashin hankali | Misali |
|---|---|---|
| Maudu'i- (alamar alama) - tushen fi'ili (ƙarewa) | Mutum na farko "ndi" yana yin wani abu s/bai kamata ya kasance yana yin "kukuta" ba. | |
| Gaba Mai Sauƙi | (tushen fi'ili) | Ndakuta |
| Cikakkun Yanzu | -a-(tushen fi'ili) -ide | Ndikutide |
| Ci gaba na Yanzu | -la- | Ndilakuta |
| Halin Halin Hali | -la-(tushen fi'ili) -a | Ndilakuta |
| Kwanan Baya (Wata Ta Yau) | -ali-(tushen fi'ili) -ide | ndalikutide |
| Sauƙaƙan Baya | -aka- | ndakakuta |
| Ci gaba na Kwanan baya | -ali-ku- (tushen kalma) | ndalikukuta |
| Al'adar da ta gabata ta ci gaba | -akali-ku-(tushen fi'ili) | Ndakalikukuta |
| Nesa Baya | -aka- | ndakakuta |
| Kusa Nan Gaba | -la- | Ndilakuta |
| Sauƙaƙan Nan gaba | -ya-ku-(tushen kalma) -a | Ndiyakukuta |
| Hali na gaba | -niku-(tushen fi'ili) -a | ndikukuta |
| Gabatarwa (Gobe ko bayan gobe) | -yaku-(fili) -a | ndiyakukuta |
Tsarin tonal
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tonga harshe ne na tonal, tare da manyan maɗaukakin sauti da ƙananan sauti. Sanya sautunan yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta da na sauran harsunan Bantu; misali, harafin da ba shi da ƙarfi a cikin harshen Tonga yana iya zama babba a cikin kalmar ƙima a cikin wasu harsunan Bantu kuma akasin haka. [6] Malamai da yawa, waɗanda suka fara da AE Meeussen a cikin 1963, [7] sun yi ƙoƙarin gano ƙa'idodin inda za a sanya sautunan.
Ɗaya daga cikin sifofin tsarin tonal shi ne cewa manyan sautin sauti suna da alaƙa da rabuwa daga asalinsu kuma suna motsawa zuwa hagu, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin waɗannan misalai: [8]
- i b ú si 'smoke'
- ibusu 'fulawa'
A cikin waɗannan kalmomi, ainihin sautin babban sautin tushen -sí ya ƙaura zuwa prefix ibu-, yayin da ƙananan sautin -su bai shafi prefix ba.
Misalin da ke sama na suna yana da sauƙin bayyanawa. Koyaya, sautunan tsarin magana sun fi rikitarwa. Misali na ɗaya daga cikin wasanin gwada ilimi da Meeussen da Goldsmith suka tattauna za a iya gani a ƙasa:
- ndi-la-lang-a 'Ina kallo'
- nda-lang-a 'Na farka'
- ba-la-lang-a 'suna kallo'
- ndi-la-bon-a 'Zan gani'
- nda-bon-a 'Na gani'
- ba-l á -bon-a 'za su gani'
Maɗaukakin sautin kan ma'auni mai ƙarfi la a cikin fi'ili na huɗu yana da daure kai. Idan ya fito daga fi’ili tushen bon, da wuya a ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya bayyana a cikin mutum na farko ndi-la-bon-a .
Wasu malamai, irin su Carter [9] da Goldsmith, [6] sun yi nazarin Tonga a matsayin suna da sautuna biyu da kuma lafuzza (lafukan da ke cikin Tonga sun kasance a kan ƙananan kalmomi). Wasu, irin su Pulleyblank, suna nazarin bayanai iri ɗaya ne kawai cikin sharuddan ƙa'idodin tonal, ba tare da buƙatar gabatar da lafazin ba.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tonga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ A Practical Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x
- ↑ Mweenzu Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v
- ↑ Norval Smith, Harry van der Hulst, 1988. Features, Segmental Structure & Harmony Processes, vol. 1 p. 198
- ↑ Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Goldsmith, John (1984) "Tone and Accent in Tonga". In Clements, G. N. and John Goldsmith Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone. Dordrecht, Foris Publications, p. 48.
- ↑ Meeussen, A.E. (1963) "Morphotonology of the Tonga Verb", Journal of African Linguistics Vol.2, Part I.
- ↑ Pulleyblank (1983) Tone in Lexical Phonology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.
- ↑ Carter, Hazel (1971) and (1972). "Morphotonology of Zambian Tonga: Some Developments of Meeussen's System". African Language Studies 12: 1-30 and 14: 36-52.