Kula da lafiya

Kula da lafiya
industry (en) , service type (en) , specialty (en) da field of study (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	service (en) da care (en)
Bangare na	health system (en) da tertiary sector of the economy (en)
Facet of (en)	medicine (en)
Filin aiki	patient care (en)
Karatun ta	health sciences (en)
Has characteristic (en)	health care quality (en)
Gudanarwan	health care manual worker (en)
WordLift URL (en)	http://data.wordlift.io/wl01714/entity/health-services

Kula da lafiya, ko kula da lafiya, shine haɓaka lafiya ta hanyar rigakafi, ganewar asali, jiyya, ingantawa ko warkar da cuta, rashin lafiya, rauni, da sauran lahani na jiki da tunani a cikin mutane. ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da ƙwararrun fannonin kiwon lafiya ke ba da kulawar lafiya. Likita, likitan hakora, kantin magani, ungozoma, jinya, gani, audiology, ilimin halin dan Adam, aikin jiyya, jiyya, horar da motsa jiki, da sauran sana’o’in kiwon lafiya duk sun kunshi kula da lafiya. Kalmar ta ƙunshi aikin da aka yi wajen samar da kulawa ta farko, kulawa ta biyu, kula da manyan makarantu, da lafiyar jama'a.

Samun damar kiwon lafiya na iya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane, waɗanda yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da manufofin kiwon lafiya suka rinjayi. Bayar da sabis na kiwon lafiya yana nufin "amfani da sabis na kiwon lafiya akan lokaci don cimma mafi kyawun sakamakon lafiya". Abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su dangane da samun damar kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da iyakokin kuɗi (kamar ɗaukar hoto), shingen yanki da kayan aiki (kamar ƙarin farashin sufuri da ikon ɗaukar lokacin hutun aiki don amfani da irin waɗannan ayyuka), tsammanin al'adun zamantakewa, da iyakokin sirri ( rashin iya sadarwa tare da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, rashin ilimin kiwon lafiya, rashin samun kudin shiga). Ƙayyadaddun ayyukan kiwon lafiya suna shafar yin amfani da sabis na likita mara kyau, ingancin jiyya, da kuma sakamakon gaba ɗaya (lafiya, yawan mace-mace).

Tsarin kiwon lafiya ƙungiyoyi ne da aka kafa don biyan bukatun kiwon lafiya na al'ummar da aka yi niyya. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), tsarin kiwon lafiya mai aiki mai kyau yana buƙatar tsarin samar da kuɗi, ingantaccen horo da isasshen ma'aikata, ingantaccen bayanai waɗanda za su dogara da yanke shawara da manufofi, da kuma ingantaccen cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya don isar da ingantattun magunguna. da fasaha.

Ingantacciyar tsarin kiwon lafiya na iya ba da gudummawa ga wani muhimmin yanki na tattalin arzikin ƙasa, ci gaba, da haɓaka masana'antu. Kulawa da lafiya muhimmin mahimmanci ne wajen haɓaka lafiyar jiki da tunani gaba ɗaya da jin daɗin rayuwar mutane a duniya. Misalin wannan shine kawar da cutar sankarau a duniya a cikin 1980, wanda WHO ta ayyana, a matsayin cuta ta farko a tarihin ɗan adam da aka kawar da ita ta hanyar kulawar kiwon lafiya da gangan.

Isar da tsarin kiwon lafiya na zamani ya dogara ne da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun waɗanda ke haɗuwa tare a matsayin ƙungiyoyin horo. Wannan ya haɗa da kwararru a fannin likitanci, ilimin halin ɗan adam, ilimin motsa jiki, aikin jinya, likitan haƙori, ungozoma da lafiyar abokantaka, tare da wasu da yawa kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na al'umma da ma'aikatan taimako, waɗanda ke ba da tsarin rigakafi na mutum da na yawan jama'a, kulawar warkewa da gyarawa. ayyuka. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Yayin da ma'anar nau'o'in kiwon lafiya daban-daban sun bambanta dangane da al'adu, siyasa, kungiya, da kuma ra'ayi na horo, akwai alama akwai wasu yarjejeniya cewa kulawa na farko shine kashi na farko na ci gaba da tsarin kula da lafiya kuma yana iya haɗawa da tanadi. na matakan kulawa na sakandare da na sakandare. Ana iya bayyana kulawar lafiya a matsayin na jama'a ko na sirri. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Samfuri:Image frameKalla ku ka gayra asalin abin

Jimillar kudaden da ake kashewa a kiwon lafiya

Kulawa na farko yana nufin aikin ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin farkon shawarwari ga duk marasa lafiya a cikin tsarin kula da lafiya. Samfurin kulawa na farko yana goyan bayan tuntuɓar farko, samun dama, ci gaba, cikakkiyar kulawa da daidaitawar kulawar mutum. Irin wannan ƙwararren yawanci zai zama likitan kulawa na farko, kamar babban likita ko likitan iyali. Wani kwararre zai zama likita mai zaman kansa mai lasisi kamar likitan motsa jiki, ko mai ba da kulawa na farko wanda ba likita ba kamar mataimaki na likita ko ma'aikacin jinya. Dangane da yanki da ƙungiyar tsarin kiwon lafiya, majiyyaci na iya ganin wani ƙwararren kula da lafiya da farko, kamar mai harhada magunguna ko nas. Dangane da yanayin yanayin kiwon lafiya, ana iya tura marasa lafiya don kulawa na biyu ko na uku. [abubuwan da ake bukata

Ana amfani da kulawa na farko azaman kalmar sabis na kula da lafiya waɗanda ke taka rawa a cikin al'ummar gari. Ana iya ba da shi a cikin saituna daban-daban, kamar cibiyoyin kulawa na gaggawa waɗanda ke ba da alƙawura ko ayyuka na yau da kullun. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Kulawa na farko ya ƙunshi mafi girman ikon kiwon lafiya, gami da duk shekarun marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya na duk yanayin tattalin arziƙi da asalin ƙasa, marasa lafiya waɗanda ke neman kula da lafiya mafi kyau, da marasa lafiya tare da kowane nau'in m da na yau da kullun na jiki, tunani da lafiyar zamantakewa, gami da mahara da yawa. cututtuka na kullum. Don haka, dole ne ma'aikacin kulawa na farko ya mallaki ilimi mai faɗi a fagage da yawa. Ci gaba shine mabuɗin sifa na kulawa na farko, kamar yadda marasa lafiya sukan fi son tuntuɓar likita iri ɗaya don duba kullun da kulawar rigakafi, ilimin kiwon lafiya, kuma duk lokacin da suke buƙatar tuntuɓar farko game da sabuwar matsalar lafiya. Ƙididdigar Ƙasa ta Kula da Farko (ICPC) ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki ne don fahimta da nazarin bayanai game da shisshigi a cikin kulawa na farko bisa dalilin ziyarar mara lafiya..^[2]

Cututtuka na yau da kullun da aka saba bi da su a kulawa na farko na iya haɗawa, misali, hauhawar jini, ciwon sukari, asma, COPD, damuwa da damuwa, ciwon baya, amosanin gabbai ko rashin aikin thyroid. Kulawa na farko ya haɗa da yawancin hidimomin kula da lafiyar mata da yara, kamar sabis na tsarin iyali da alluran rigakafi. A cikin {asar Amirka, Nazarin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na 2013 ya gano cewa cututtuka na fata (42.7%), ciwon osteoarthritis da cututtuka na haɗin gwiwa (33.6%), matsalolin baya (23.9%), rashin lafiya na lipid metabolism (22.4%), da cututtuka na numfashi na sama. (22.1%, ban da asma) sune mafi yawan dalilai na samun damar shiga likita.^[3]

A cikin Amurka, likitocin kulawa na farko sun fara ba da kulawa ta farko a waje da tsarin kulawa da kulawa (lissafin lissafin kuɗi) ta hanyar kulawa ta farko kai tsaye wanda shine yanki na sanannun magungunan concierge. Likitoci a cikin wannan ƙirar suna lissafin marasa lafiya kai tsaye don ayyuka, ko dai a kan biyan kuɗi na kowane wata, kwata, ko shekara-shekara, ko lissafin kowane sabis a ofis. Misalan ayyukan kulawa na farko kai tsaye sun haɗa da Lafiya ta Gidauniyar a Colorado da Qliance a Washington. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

A cikin yanayin tsufa na yawan jama'a na duniya, tare da karuwar yawan tsofaffi da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma na cututtuka marasa yaduwa, ana sa ran karuwar buƙatun sabis na kulawa na farko a cikin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta danganta samar da muhimman kulawa na farko a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na dabarun kula da lafiya a matakin farko.^[4][5]

Kalmar "kulawa ta biyu" wani lokaci ana amfani da ita tare da "kulawan asibiti". Duk da haka, yawancin masu ba da kulawa na sakandare, irin su likitocin tabin hankali, masu ilimin halin ɗabi'a, masu aikin jinya, mafi yawan ƙwararrun haƙori ko likitocin physiotherapists, ba lallai ba ne su yi aiki a asibitoci. Ana isar da wasu sabis na kulawa na farko a cikin asibitoci. Dangane da tsari da manufofin tsarin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, ana iya buƙatar marasa lafiya su ga mai ba da kulawa na farko don tuntuɓar su kafin su sami damar samun kulawar sakandare.^[6][7]

A cikin ƙasashen da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin tsarin kula da lafiyar kasuwa gauraye, wasu likitocin suna iyakance ayyukansu zuwa kulawa ta biyu ta hanyar buƙatar marasa lafiya su fara ganin mai ba da kulawa na farko. Ana iya sanya wannan ƙuntatawa a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar biyan kuɗi a cikin tsare-tsaren inshorar lafiya na sirri ko rukuni. A wasu lokuta, ƙwararrun likita na iya ganin marasa lafiya ba tare da an tura su ba, kuma marasa lafiya na iya yanke shawara ko an fi son tura kai

Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, irin su masu kwantar da hankali na jiki, masu kwantar da hankali na numfashi, masu aikin kwantar da hankali, masu kwantar da hankali, da masu cin abinci, suna aiki gaba ɗaya a cikin kulawa na biyu, samun dama ta hanyar ko dai mai haƙuri ko ta hanyar likita. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Kula da manyan makarantu kulawar kiwon lafiya ce ta musamman na tuntubar juna, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da kuma ta hanyar ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya na firamare ko na sakandare, a cikin wurin da ke da ma'aikata da wuraren aikin bincike na kiwon lafiya na ci gaba da jiyya, kamar babban asibitin neman magani.^[8]

Misalan sabis na kula da manyan makarantu sune kula da ciwon daji, aikin jinya, tiyatar zuciya, tiyatar filastik, jiyya don konewa mai tsanani, ci-gaba da ayyukan jinya, kwantar da hankali, da sauran hadaddun magunguna da na tiyata.^[9]

Kalmar kulawa a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ita azaman ƙarin kulawar manyan makarantu dangane da matakan ci gaba na likitanci waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai kuma ba a samun isarsu sosai. Magungunan gwaji da wasu nau'ikan cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba ko hanyoyin tiyata ana ɗaukar kulawar kwata-kwata. Ana ba da waɗannan ayyuka ne kawai a ƙayyadadden adadin cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na yanki ko na ƙasa^[9][10]

Ana ba da nau'ikan ayyukan kula da lafiya da yawa a wajen wuraren kiwon lafiya. Sun haɗa da ayyuka da yawa na amfanin lafiyar jama'a, kamar sa ido kan amincin abinci, rarraba kwaroron roba da shirye-shiryen musayar allura don rigakafin cututtuka masu yaduwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Har ila yau, sun haɗa da sabis na ƙwararru a cikin wuraren zama da na al'umma don tallafawa kulawa da kai, kulawar gida, kulawa na dogon lokaci, rayuwa mai taimako, maganin rashin amfani da kayan aiki a tsakanin sauran nau'o'in sabis na kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Ayyukan gyaran al'umma na iya taimakawa tare da motsi da 'yancin kai bayan asarar gaɓoɓi ko asarar aiki. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ƙwanƙwasa, kothotics, ko keken hannu. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Kasashe da yawa suna fama da yawan tsufa, don haka daya daga cikin abubuwan da tsarin kiwon lafiya ya ba da fifiko shine a taimaka wa tsofaffi su rayu cikin cikakkiyar rayuwa, masu zaman kansu cikin kwanciyar hankali na gidajensu. Akwai wani bangare na kiwon lafiya gaba daya da aka tsara don baiwa tsofaffi taimako a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun a gida kamar sufuri zuwa kuma daga alƙawuran likitoci tare da sauran ayyukan da ke da mahimmanci don lafiyarsu da jin daɗin rayuwarsu. Ko da yake suna ba da kulawar gida ga tsofaffi a cikin haɗin gwiwa, 'yan uwa da ma'aikatan kulawa na iya ɗaukar nau'i daban-daban da dabi'u ga ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa. Wannan halin da ake ciki yana ba da kalubale ga ƙirar ICT (fasahar bayanai da fasahar sadarwa) don kula da gida.

Saboda alkaluma sun nuna cewa sama da Amirkawa miliyan 80 sun ɗauki hutun aikinsu na farko don kula da waɗanda suke ƙauna, ƙasashe da yawa sun fara ba da shirye-shirye kamar Shirin Taimakawa Masu Amfani don ba da damar 'yan uwa su kula da 'yan uwansu ba tare da bayarwa ba. sama da dukan kudin shiga. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Tare da kiba a cikin yara cikin hanzari ya zama babban abin damuwa, sabis na kiwon lafiya sukan tsara shirye-shirye a makarantu da nufin ilmantar da yara game da halayen cin abinci mai gina jiki, sanya ilimin motsa jiki abin bukata da koya wa matasa matasa su kasance da kyawawan halaye.^[11]

  Kiwon lafiya na kiwon lafiya kimomi ko kimantawa na kiwon lafiya da ake amfani da su don kimanta tsarin kulawa da tsarin kula da lafiya da/ko sakamakon ayyukan kula da lafiya. Ana fassara wannan bayanin zuwa katunan rahoto waɗanda ƙungiyoyi masu inganci, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, ƙungiyoyin mabukaci da kafofin watsa labarai ke samarwa. Wannan kimanta ingancin yana dogara ne akan matakan:^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

• ingancin shirin kiwon lafiya.
• ingancin asibiti.
• na kwarewar haƙuri.
• ingancin likita.
• inganci ga sauran masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya.

Samun damar kiwon lafiya na iya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe, al'ummomi, da daidaikun mutane, waɗanda yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi gami da manufofin kiwon lafiya suka rinjayi. Bayar da sabis na kiwon lafiya yana nufin "amfani da sabis na kiwon lafiya akan lokaci don cimma mafi kyawun sakamakon lafiya". Abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su dangane da samun damar kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da iyakokin kuɗi (kamar ɗaukar hoto), shingen yanki da kayan aiki (kamar ƙarin farashin sufuri da ikon ɗaukar lokacin hutun aiki don amfani da irin waɗannan ayyuka), tsammanin al'adun zamantakewa, da iyakokin sirri ( rashin iya sadarwa tare da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, rashin ilimin kiwon lafiya, rashin samun kudin shiga). Ƙayyadaddun ayyukan kiwon lafiya suna rinjayar mummunan amfani da sabis na likita, ingancin jiyya, da kuma sakamakon gaba ɗaya (lafiya, yawan mace-mace). [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Kiwon lafiya ya wuce isar da sabis ga marasa lafiya, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa masu alaƙa, kuma an saita shi cikin babban hoto na tsarin kuɗi da tsarin mulki.

Tsarin kiwon lafiya, wanda kuma wani lokaci ake kira tsarin kiwon lafiya ko tsarin kiwon lafiya, shine ƙungiyar mutane, cibiyoyi, da albarkatu waɗanda ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin da ke buƙata. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta ƙunshi sassa da yawa waɗanda aka sadaukar don ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya da samfuran. A matsayin babban tsari don ayyana sashin, Ƙididdigar Ma'aunin Masana'antu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kayyade harkokin kiwon lafiya a matsayin gabaɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi ayyukan asibiti, ayyukan likitanci da aikin haƙori, da "sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiyar ɗan adam." Ajin na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi ayyuka na, ko ƙarƙashin kulawar, ma'aikatan jinya, ungozoma, likitocin motsa jiki, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya ko bincike, dakunan shan magani, wuraren kiwon lafiya na zama, masu ba da shawara ga marasa lafiya ko wasu ƙwararrun ƙwararrun lafiya.

Bugu da kari, bisa ga rabe-raben masana'antu da kasuwa, kamar Ma'aunin Rarraba Masana'antu na Duniya da Ma'aunin Rarraba Masana'antu, kiwon lafiya ya hada da nau'ikan kayan aikin likita da yawa, kayan aiki da ayyuka da suka hada da fasahar kere-kere, dakunan gwaje-gwajen bincike da abubuwa, masana'antar magunguna da bayarwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

Misali, magunguna da sauran na'urorin likitanci sune kan gaba wajen fitar da fasahohin da ake fitarwa zuwa Turai da Amurka. Amurka ce ta mamaye fannin biopharmaceutical, tana lissafin kashi uku cikin hudu na kudaden shiga na fasahar kere-kere ta duniya. ^{[12] [13]}

Binciken ayyukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da ingantacciyar inganci da daidaitaccen isar da ayyukan kula da lafiya, kamar yadda aka ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya da nakasa, wanda ke jaddada sauye-sauyen al'umma da za a iya yi don samar da lafiyar jama'a. Sakamako daga binciken ayyukan kiwon lafiya galibi suna zama tushen tushen shaida a tsarin kula da lafiya. Hakanan ana taimakawa binciken ayyukan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar yunƙuri a fagen ilimin ɗan adam don haɓaka tsarin ƙima na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke da fa'ida a asibiti, kan lokaci, mai da hankali ga canji, al'ada, ƙarancin nauyi, ƙarancin farashi, ginawa cikin daidaitattun hanyoyin, da shigar da mara lafiya.^[14]

Binciken ayyukan kiwon lafiya na iya haifar da ingantacciyar inganci da daidaitaccen isar da ayyukan kula da lafiya, kamar yadda aka ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin zamantakewa na kiwon lafiya da nakasa, wanda ke jaddada sauye-sauyen al'umma da za a iya yi don samar da lafiyar jama'a. Sakamako daga binciken ayyukan kiwon lafiya galibi suna zama tushen tushen shaida a tsarin kula da lafiya. Hakanan ana taimakawa binciken ayyukan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar yunƙuri a fagen ilimin ɗan adam don haɓaka tsarin ƙima na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke da fa'ida a asibiti, kan lokaci, mai da hankali ga canji, al'ada, ƙarancin nauyi, ƙarancin farashi, ginawa cikin daidaitattun hanyoyin, da shigar da mara lafiya.

Gabaɗaya akwai wasu hanyoyi guda biyar na farko don samun damar tallafawa Tsarin kiwon lafiya: ^[15]

1. haraji na gaba ɗaya ga jihar, gundumar ko karamar hukuma.
2. Inshorar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a.
3. Inshorar kiwon lafiya ta son rai ko mai zaman kantaInshorar lafiya.
4. Biyan kuɗi daga aljihu.
5. Gudummawa ga kungiyoyin agaji na kiwon lafiyaAyyukan agaji.

A yawancin ƙasashe, akwai haɗakar duk nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyar, amma wannan ya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe da kuma tsawon lokaci a cikin ƙasashe. Baya ga hanyoyin ba da kuɗi, tambaya mai mahimmanci yakamata koyaushe ta kasance nawa za'a kashe akan kula da lafiya. Don dalilai na kwatanta, ana bayyana wannan sau da yawa a matsayin adadin GDP da aka kashe akan kula da lafiya. A cikin ƙasashen OECD na kowane ƙarin dala 1000, da aka kashe akan kula da lafiya, tsawon rai ya faɗi da shekaru 0.4. Ana ganin irin wannan alaƙa daga binciken da Bloomberg ke yi kowace shekara. A bayyane yake irin wannan bincike yana da lahani a cikin cewa tsawon rayuwa shine ma'auni ɗaya kawai na aikin tsarin kiwon lafiya, amma daidai da, ra'ayin cewa ƙarin kudade ya fi dacewa ba a tallafawa. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

A cikin 2011, masana'antun kiwon lafiya sun cinye matsakaicin kashi 9.3 na GDP ko dalar Amurka 3,322 (PPP-daidaita) ga kowane mutum a cikin membobin 34 na ƙasashen OECD. Amurka (17.7%, ko dalar Amurka PPP 8,508), Netherlands (11.9%, 5,099), Faransa (11.6%, 4,118), Jamus (11.3%, 4,495), Kanada (11.2%, 5669), da Switzerland (11) %, 5,634) sune mafi yawan masu kashe kuɗi, duk da haka tsawon rayuwa a cikin jimlar yawan jama'a lokacin haihuwa ya fi girma a Switzerland (shekaru 82.8), Japan da Italiya (82.7), Spain da Iceland (82.4), Faransa (82.2) da Ostiraliya (82.0). yayin da matsakaicin OECD ya wuce shekaru 80 a karon farko a cikin 2011: shekaru 80.1, ribar shekaru 10 tun daga 1970. Amurka (shekaru 78.7) tana kan matsayi na 26, a cikin 34, memba na OECD, amma yana da mafi girman farashi ta zuwa yanzu. . Duk ƙasashen OECD sun sami nasarar ɗaukar nauyin lafiya na duniya (ko kusan na duniya), ban da Amurka da Mexico.^[16][17] (duba kuma kwatancen kasa da kasa.)

A cikin Amurka, inda kusan kashi 18% na GDP ke kashewa kan kula da lafiya, Binciken Asusun Commonwealth na kashe kuɗi da inganci yana nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin ingantacciyar inganci da ƙarin kashewa.^[18]

Ka faɗaɗa sigogi na OECD da ke ƙasa don ganin bayanin dalla dall.

• "Gwamnati / tilas": Kudin gwamnati da inshorar kiwon lafiya.
• "Sakamako": Inshorar kiwon lafiya ta son rai da kudade masu zaman kansu kamar biyan kuɗi na gidaje, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
• Ana wakilta su da ginshiƙai da ke farawa daga sifili. Ba a tara su ba. An haɗa su 2 don samun jimlar.
• A tushen za ku iya gudanar da cursor dinku a kan ginshiƙai don samun shekara da jimlar wannan ƙasar.^[19]
• Danna teburin tebur a tushen don samun jerin 3 (ɗaya bayan wani) na adadin ta ƙasa: "Total", "Gwamnati / tilas", da "Jami'a".^[19]

Gudanarwa da gudanarwa na kiwon lafiya yana da mahimmanci ga isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Musamman ma, al'adar ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da ayyukan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya yawanci ana tsara su ta ƙasa ko hukumomin lardi na ƙasa ta hanyar hukumomin da suka dace don tabbatar da inganci. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da ma'aikatan tantancewa a cikin hukumomin gudanarwa ko sassan kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke rubuta takaddun shaida ko lasisin ma'aikatan lafiya da tarihin aikinsu.^[20]

Fasahar bayanai ta kiwon lafiya (HIT) ita ce "aiki na sarrafa bayanai wanda ya haɗa da kayan aikin kwamfuta da software waɗanda ke hulɗar ajiya, dawo da, rabawa, da amfani da bayanan kula da lafiya, bayanai, da ilimi don sadarwa da yanke shawara."^[21]

Abubuwan fasahar kiwon lafiya:

• Rubutun lafiyar lantarki (EHR) - EHR yana ƙunshe da cikakken tarihin likita na majiyyaci, kuma yana iya haɗawa da bayanai daga masu samarwa da yawa.
• Rubutun Likitan Lantarki (EMR) - EMR yana ƙunshe da daidaitattun bayanan likita da na asibiti da aka tattara a ofishin mai bada sabis.
• Musanya bayanan kiwon lafiya (HIE) - Musanya Bayanin Lafiya yana bawa ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da marasa lafiya damar shiga daidai da raba mahimman bayanan likita na majiyyaci ta hanyar lantarki.
• Software na kula da aikin likita (MPM) - an ƙera shi don daidaita ayyukan yau da kullun na sarrafa kayan aikin likita. Hakanan aka sani da software na gudanarwa ko tsarin gudanarwa (PMS).
• [abubuwan da ake bukata] Rikodin lafiyar mutum (PHR) - PHR tarihin likitancin majiyyaci ne wanda aka kiyaye shi a asirce, don amfanin kansa.^[22]

• Category:Kariya ta kiwon lafiya ta ƙasa.
• Lafiyar Duniya.
• Daidaitaccen lafiya.
• Manufofin kiwon lafiya.
• Tsarin kiwon lafiya / ƙwararrun kiwon lafiyaKwararrun masu kiwon lafiya.
• Dokokin kula da taba sigari.
• Kula da lafiyar duniya.

1. ↑ "June 2014". Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
2. ↑ World Health Organization.
3. ↑ St Sauver JL, Warner DO, Yawn BP, et al. (January 2013). "Why patients visit their doctors: assessing the most prevalent conditions in a defined American population". Mayo Clin. Proc. 88 (1): 56–67. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.08.020. PMC 3564521. PMID 23274019.
4. ↑ World Health Organization.
5. ↑ Simmons J. Primary Care Needs New Innovations to Meet Growing Demands. Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
6. ↑ "Secondary Care". MS Trust. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
7. ↑ "Difference between primary, secondary and tertiary health care". EInsure. 24 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
8. ↑ Johns Hopkins Medicine.
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} Emory University.
10. ↑ Alberta Physician Link.
11. ↑ Sanyaolu, Adekunle; Okorie, Chuku; Qi, Xiaohua; Locke, Jennifer; Rehman, Saif (January 2019). "Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Public Health Concern". Global Pediatric Health (in Turanci). 6: 2333794X1989130. doi:10.1177/2333794X19891305. ISSN 2333-794X. PMC 6887808. PMID 31832491.
12. ↑ "The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures" (pdf). European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. 2007. Archived from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
13. ↑ "Europe's competitiveness". European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
14. ↑ Domecq, Juan Pablo; Prutsky, Gabriela; Elraiyah, Tarig; Wang, Zhen; Nabhan, Mohammed; Shippee, Nathan; Brito, Juan Pablo; Boehmer, Kasey; Hasan, Rim; Firwana, Belal; Erwin, Patricia (2014-02-26). "Patient engagement in research: a systematic review". BMC Health Services Research. 14 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-89. ISSN 1472-6963. PMC 3938901. PMID 24568690.
15. ↑ World Health Organization.
16. ↑ "Health at a Glance 2013 – OECD Indicators" (PDF). OECD. 2013-11-21. pp. 5, 39, 46, 48. (link). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
17. ↑ "OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Health Status, Life expectancy, Total population at birth, 2011" (online statistics). stats.oecd.org/. OECD's iLibrary. 2013. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
18. ↑ Commonwealth Fund (2018). "Health Care Quality-Spending Interactive | Commonwealth Fund" (in Turanci). doi:10.26099/bf4n-8j57. Archived from the original on 2020-12-22. Retrieved 2019-01-14. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
19. ↑ ^{19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3} OECD Data.
20. ↑ Tulenko et al., "Framework and measurement issues for monitoring entry into the health workforce." Handbook on monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health.
21. ↑ "Health information technology — HIT". HealthIT.gov. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
22. ↑ "What is a personal health record? | FAQs | Providers & Professionals | HealthIT.gov". www.healthit.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-12-22. Retrieved 2017-11-27.