Bangaren magana

bangaren magana
grammatical category (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	class (en) da grammeme (en)
Karatun ta	ilimin harsuna

A cikin nahawu, wani sashe na magana ko juzu'i ( wanda aka gajarta da POS ko PoS, wanda kuma aka sani da ajin kalma ^[1] ko nau'in nahawu ) wani nau'in kalmomi ne (ko, gabaɗaya, na abubuwan lexical ). waɗanda suke da makamantansu na nahawu . Kalmomin da aka sanya su zuwa bangare ɗaya na magana gabaɗaya suna nuna halaye iri ɗaya (suna taka rawa iri ɗaya a cikin tsarin nahawu na jimlolin), wani lokaci kuma irin wannan dabi'ar ilimin halittar jiki ta yadda suke jujjuya dabi'u iri ɗaya har ma da dabi'un nahawu iri ɗaya. Yawancin sassa na magana da aka jera a Turanci sune suna, fi’ili, siffa, siffatau, wikilin suna, preposition, mai hadawa, interjection, numerical, article, da determiner.

Sauran kalmomin ban da ɓangaren magana— musamman a cikin rarrabuwar harsuna na zamani, waɗanda galibi ke yin madaidaicin bambance-bambance fiye da tsarin gargajiya—sun haɗa da ajin kalmomi, ajin ƙamus, da nau'in ƙamus . Wasu mawallafa sun taƙaita kalmar ƙamus category don komawa ga wani nau'i na nau'in syntactic kawai; a gare su kalmar ta keɓe waɗancan sassan magana waɗanda ake ɗaukar su kalmomi ne masu aiki, kamar karin magana. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar nau'in nau'i, kodayake wannan yana da ma'anoni daban-daban masu karo da juna. ^[2] Za a iya rarraba azuzuwan kalmomi a matsayin buɗe ko rufe : buɗe azuzuwan (yawanci gami da sunaye, fi'ili da sifofi) suna samun sabbin membobi koyaushe, yayin da rufaffiyar azuzuwan (kamar karin magana da haɗin gwiwa) ke samun sabbin mambobi ba kasafai ba, ko basu samu ma duka.

Kusan duk harsuna suna da kalmar azuzuwan suna da fi'ili, amma bayan waɗannan biyun akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance tsakanin harsuna daban-daban. Misali:

• Jafananci yana da kusan nau'ikan sifa guda uku, inda Ingilishi ke da ɗaya.
• Sinanci, Korean, Jafananci da Vietnamese suna da nau'in nau'in nau'i na nau'i na nau'i .
• Yawancin harsuna ba sa banbance tsakanin sifofi da fi'ili, ko tsakanin sifa da fi'ili (duba fi'ili na tsaye ).

Saboda irin wannan bambance-bambance a cikin adadin rukunoni da abubuwan gano su, dole ne a yi nazarin sassan magana ga kowane harshe. Duk da haka, ana sanya alamun kowane nau'i ne bisa ka'idojin duniya.

Ana samun rarrabuwar kalmomi zuwa nau'ikan ƙamus daga farkon lokaci a cikin tarihin ilimin harshe .

A cikin Nirukta, wanda aka rubuta a ƙarni na 6 ko na 5 KZ, ɗan Sanskrit nahawu Yāska ya ayyana manyan kalmomi guda huɗu: ^[3]

1. नाम nāma – suna (ciki har da sifa)
2. आख्यात khyāta – fi’ili
3. Upasarga - pre-fi'ili ko prefix
4. निपात nipāta – barbashi, kalmar da ba ta bambanta ba (watakila preposition )

Waɗannan huɗun an haɗa su zuwa manyan azuzuwan guda biyu: marasa sassauƙa (suna da fi'ili) da mara sassauƙa (pre-verbs da particles).

Tsohon aikin kan nahawu na yaren Tamil, Tolkāppiyam, ya yi iƙirarin cewa an rubuta shi kusan shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata, ya rarraba kalmomin Tamil a matsayin peyar (பெயர்; suna), vinai (வினை; fi’ili), idai (ɓangare na magana da ke gyara alaƙar. tsakanin fi’ili da sunaye), da uri (kalmar da ta kara cancantar suna ko fi’ili).

Ƙarni ko biyu bayan aikin Yāska, masanin Girkanci Plato ya rubuta a cikin maganganunsa na <i id="mwcQ">Cratylus</i>, "kalmomi sune, na ɗauka, hade da kalmomi [ rhêma ] da sunaye [ ónoma ] ". ^[4] Aristotle ya kara da wani nau'i, "haɗin gwiwa" [ sýndesmos ], wanda ya haɗa da ba kawai kalmomin da aka sani a yau a matsayin haɗin kai ba, har ma da wasu sassa (fassarorin sun bambanta; a cikin fassarar guda ɗaya shine karin magana, prepositions, da labarin ). ^[5]

A ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ, masu ilimin nahawu sun faɗaɗa wannan tsarin rarrabawa zuwa rukuni takwas, waɗanda aka gani a cikin Art of Grammar, wanda aka danganta ga Dionysius Thrax : ^[6]

1. 'Sunan' ( ónoma ) an fassara shi da " Sunan ": wani yanki na magana da aka yi wa shari'a, yana nuna wani abu mai kama da abu. Ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sunaye, siffa, sunaye masu dacewa, ƙa'idodi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ƙa'idodi, lambobi da sauransu ^[7]
2. Verb ( rhêma ): wani sashe na magana ba tare da jujjuyawar shari'ar ba, amma an ƙirƙira don jin daɗi, mutum da lamba, yana nuna wani aiki ko tsari da aka yi ko aka yi.
3. Participle ( metokhḗ ): wani bangare na fasalin raba magana na fi’ili da suna
4. Labari ( arthron ): wani yanki na magana mai lalacewa, wanda aka ɗauka don haɗa da takamaiman labarin, amma kuma ainihin sunan dangi.
5. Pronoun ( antōnymíā ): wani sashe na magana da aka maye gurbin suna kuma aka yiwa mutum alama
6. Preposition ( próthesis ): wani ɓangare na magana da aka sanya a gaban wasu kalmomi a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma a cikin syntax
7. Adverb ( epírrhēma ): wani ɓangare na magana ba tare da jujjuya ba, a gyara ko ƙari ga fi’ili, siffa, sashe, jimla, ko wani karin magana.
8. Haɗin kai ( sýndesmos ) : wani sashe na magana da ke ɗaure magana tare da cike giɓi a cikin fassararsa.

Ana iya ganin cewa waɗannan sassa na magana an bayyana su ta hanyar morphological, syntactic da ma'auni .

Priscian na nahawu na Latin ( fl. 500 CE) ya gyara tsarin da ke sama sau takwas, ban da "article" (tun da harshen Latin, ba kamar Hellenanci ba, ba shi da article) amma yana ƙara " interjection ". ^[8]

Sunayen Latin don sassan magana, daga waɗanda madaidaitan kalmomin Ingilishi na zamani suka samo, sune nomen, verbum, participium, pronomen, praepositio, adverbium, conjunctio da interjecio . Nau'in sunaye sun haɗa da abubuwa ( nomen substantivum, daidai da abin da ake kira suna a yau a Turanci), maƙallan (nomen adjectivum ) da lambobi (lambobin sunaye) . Wannan yana bayyana a cikin tsofaffin kalmomin Turanci suna mai ma'ana, sifa da suna na lamba . Daga baya ^[9] sifa ta zama aji dabam, kamar yadda lambobi sukan yi, kuma kalmar suna na Ingilishi ta zo a yi amfani da su kawai.

1. ↑ Empty citation (help)
2. ↑ John Lyons, Semantics, CUP 1977, p. 424.
3. ↑ Empty citation (help)
4. ↑ Cratylus 431b
5. ↑ The Rhetoric, Poetic and Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle, translated by Thomas Taylor, London 1811, p. 179.
6. ↑ Dionysius Thrax. τέχνη γραμματική (Art of Grammar), ια´ περὶ λέξεως (11. On the word):
7. ↑ The term 'onoma' at Dionysius Thrax, Τέχνη γραμματική (Art of Grammar), 14. Περὶ ὀνόματος translated by Thomas Davidson, On the noun
8. ↑ [penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1B*.html This translation of Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria reads: "Our own language (Note: i.e. Latin) dispenses with the articles (Note: Latin doesn't have articles), which are therefore distributed among the other parts of speech. But interjections must be added to those already mentioned."]
9. ↑ See for example Beauzée, Nicolas, Grammaire générale, ou exposition raisonnée des éléments nécessaires du langage (Paris, 1767), and earlier Jakob Redinger, Comeniana Grammatica Primae Classi Franckenthalensis Latinae Scholae destinata ... (1659, in German and Latin).