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Wiktionary

gula

See also: Appendix:Variations of "gula"

English

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin gula (“throat, gullet”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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gula (plural gulas or gulae)

  1. The upper front of the neck, next to the chin; the upper throat.
  2. (zoology) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum.
  3. (architecture) A capping moulding; a cymatium.

Derived terms

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Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for “gula”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)

Anagrams

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Brunei Malay

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Etymology

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From Sanskrit गुल (gula​, “unrefined sugar, molasses”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ɡula/
  • Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

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gula

  1. sugar (sucrose from sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten food and drink)

Dharug

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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gula

  1. koala

Gamilaraay

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Noun

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gula

  1. fork

Hausa

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ɡú.làː/
    • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA(key): [ɡʷʊ́.làː]

Noun

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gulā̀ f (plural gulōlī, possessed form gulàr̃)

  1. a kind of drumstick with a large head (for beating drums)

See also

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Iban

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Etymology

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From Sanskrit गुल (gula​, “unrefined sugar, molasses”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ɡula/
  • Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

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gula

  1. sugar (sucrose from sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten food and drink)

Icelandic

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Etymology

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From gulur (“yellow”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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gula f (genitive singular gulu, no plural)

  1. jaundice

Declension

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Declension of gula (sg-only feminine)
singular
indefinite definite
nominative gula gulan
accusative gulu guluna
dative gulu gulunni
genitive gulu gulunnar

Indonesian

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Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia id

Etymology

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From Malay gula, from Sanskrit गुल (gula, “unrefined sugar, molasses​”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈɡu.la/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

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gula (first-person possessive gulaku, second-person possessive gulamu, third-person possessive gulanya)

  1. sugar
    Synonyms: saka, sakar

Affixed terms

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Terms derived from gula

Compounds

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Further reading

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Javanese

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Romanization

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gula

  1. Romanization of ꦒꦸꦭ

Laboya

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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gula

  1. sugar

References

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  • Allahverdi Verdizade (2019) “gula”, in Lamboya word list‎[1], Leiden: LexiRumah

Latin

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Etymology

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From Proto-Indo-European *gʷoleh₂, from *gʷel- (“throat”).

Cognate with Bengali গলা (gola, “throat”), Old Armenian կուլ- (kul-), Russian глотка (glotka, “throat”), Persian گلو (“throat”), Urdu گلا (“throat”) and Northern Kurdish gewrî, gerû (“throat”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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gula f (genitive gulae); first declension

  1. (anatomy) gullet, throat, palate
    Synonyms: faucēs, rūmen, frūmen, guttur
  2. gluttony, greediness

Declension

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First-declension noun.

singular plural
nominative gula gulae
genitive gulae gulārum
dative gulae gulīs
accusative gulam gulās
ablative gulā gulīs
vocative gula gulae

Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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  • “gula”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • gula in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Malay

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Etymology

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From Sanskrit गुल (gula, “unrefined sugar, molasses”). The Sanskrit equivalent is मधुरं (madhuraṃ, “sugar”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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gula (Jawi spelling ݢولا, plural gula, informal 1st possessive gulaku, 2nd possessive gulamu, 3rd possessive gulanya)

  1. sugar (sucrose from sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten food and drink)

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Terms derived from gula

Further reading

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Northern Ndebele

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Etymology

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Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

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-gula

  1. to be sick/ill

Inflection

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This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Northern Sami

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Pronunciation

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  • (Kautokeino) IPA(key): /ˈkula/

Verb

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gula

  1. inflection of gullat:
    1. present indicative connegative
    2. second-person singular imperative
    3. imperative connegative

Norwegian Nynorsk

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Alternative forms

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  • gule (for the verbs)

Etymology 1

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From gul (“gust of wind”).

Verb

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gula (present tense gular, past tense gula, past participle gula, passive infinitive gulast, present participle gulande, imperative gula/gul)

  1. to blow (slowly)

Etymology 2

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From gul (“yellow”).

Verb

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gula (present tense gular, past tense gula, past participle gula, passive infinitive gulast, present participle gulande, imperative gula/gul)

  1. to yellow

Etymology 3

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

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gula f

  1. definite singular of gule

References

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Old Javanese

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Sanskrit गुल (gula, “unrefined sugar, molasses​”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ɡu.la/
  • Rhymes: -la
  • Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

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gula

  1. sugar
  2. syrup

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Further reading

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  • "gula" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Old Norse

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Etymology 1

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Noun

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gula f (genitive gulu)

  1. Alternative form of gola
Declension
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  Declension of gula (weak ōn-stem)
feminine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative gula gulan gulur gulurnar
accusative gulu guluna gulur gulurnar
dative gulu gulunni gulum gulunum
genitive gulu gulunnar gulna gulnanna

Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

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gula

  1. inflection of gulr:
    1. strong feminine accusative singular
    2. strong masculine accusative plural
    3. weak masculine oblique singular
    4. weak feminine nominative singular
    5. weak neuter singular

Noun

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gula

  1. indefinite genitive plural of gul

References

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  • “gula”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Polish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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A variant of kula.

Noun

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gula f

  1. (colloquial) bump (swelling on the skin caused by illness or injury)

Noun

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gula f (male equivalent gularz)

  1. (Poznań, Kuyavia) female turkey (bird)
    Synonym: indyczka
    Alternative form: guła
Declension
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Declension of gula
singular plural
nominative gula gule
genitive guli guli/gul
dative guli gulom
accusative gulę gule
instrumental gulą gulami
locative guli gulach
vocative gulo gule

Interjection

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gula

  1. (Far Masovian) used to call turkeys
    Synonyms: gulda, gulu

Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

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gula m animal

  1. genitive/accusative singular of gul

Further reading

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  • gula in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • gula in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Oskar Kolberg (1867) “gula”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 271
  • Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “gula”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 109

Portuguese

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin gula. Doublet of gola.

Pronunciation

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  • Rhymes: -ulɐ
  • Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

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gula f (plural gulas)

  1. gluttony
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Rohingya

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Noun

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gula

  1. fruit

Romansch

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Etymology

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From Latin gula, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“throat”).

Noun

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gula f (plural gulas)

  1. (anatomy) throat
  2. (Surmiran) desire, craving, appetite, lust, pleasure, fancy

Derived terms

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Spanish

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin gula. Compare the inherited doublet gola.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈɡula/ [ˈɡu.la]
  • Rhymes: -ula
  • Syllabification: gu‧la

Noun

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gula f (plural gulas)

  1. gluttony (habit of eating in excess)
    Synonym: glotonería
  2. gourmandizing
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Further reading

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Sundanese

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Romanization

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gula

  1. Romanization of ᮌᮥᮜ

Swazi

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Etymology

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Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

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-gula

  1. to be sick/ill

Inflection

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This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Swedish

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Etymology

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From Old Norse gulr (“yellow”), similar to Faroese gule.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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gula

  1. inflection of gul:
    1. definite singular
    2. plural

Noun

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gula c

  1. a yolk (the yellow of an egg)
    Synonym: äggula

Declension

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Declension of gula
nominative genitive
singular indefinite gula gulas
definite gulan gulans
plural indefinite gulor gulors
definite gulorna gulornas

References

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Waigali

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Adjective

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gula (Nisheigram)

  1. fat

Etymology 2

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Noun

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gula (Nisheigram)

  1. terrace

Xhosa

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Etymology

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Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

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-gula

  1. to be sick/ill

Inflection

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This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

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Etymology

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Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

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-gula

  1. (intransitive) to be sick/ill
  2. (transitive) to skim/scrape together
  3. (intransitive) to lean, to slant

Inflection

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Tone L
Infinitive ukugula
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukugula ukungaguli
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular gula -gule
Plural gulani -guleni
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyagula, ngigula engigulayo, engigula ngigula angiguli engingaguli ngingaguli
2nd singular uyagula, ugula ogulayo, ogula ugula awuguli ongaguli ungaguli
1st plural siyagula, sigula esigulayo, esigula sigula asiguli esingaguli singaguli
2nd plural niyagula, nigula enigulayo, enigula nigula aniguli eningaguli ningaguli
Class 1 uyagula, ugula ogulayo, ogula egula akaguli ongaguli engaguli
Class 2 bayagula, bagula abagulayo, abagula begula abaguli abangaguli bengaguli
Class 3 uyagula, ugula ogulayo, ogula ugula awuguli ongaguli ungaguli
Class 4 iyagula, igula egulayo, egula igula ayiguli engaguli ingaguli
Class 5 liyagula, ligula eligulayo, eligula ligula aliguli elingaguli lingaguli
Class 6 ayagula, agula agulayo, agula egula awaguli angaguli engaguli
Class 7 siyagula, sigula esigulayo, esigula sigula asiguli esingaguli singaguli
Class 8 ziyagula, zigula ezigulayo, ezigula zigula aziguli ezingaguli zingaguli
Class 9 iyagula, igula egulayo, egula igula ayiguli engaguli ingaguli
Class 10 ziyagula, zigula ezigulayo, ezigula zigula aziguli ezingaguli zingaguli
Class 11 luyagula, lugula olugulayo, olugula lugula aluguli olungaguli lungaguli
Class 14 buyagula, bugula obugulayo, obugula bugula abuguli obungaguli bungaguli
Class 15 kuyagula, kugula okugulayo, okugula kugula akuguli okungaguli kungaguli
Class 17 kuyagula, kugula okugulayo, okugula kugula akuguli okungaguli kungaguli
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngigulile, ngigulē engigulile, engigulē ngigulile, ngigulē angigulanga engingagulanga ngingagulanga
2nd singular ugulile, ugulē ogulile, ogulē ugulile, ugulē awugulanga ongagulanga ungagulanga
1st plural sigulile, sigulē esigulile, esigulē sigulile, sigulē asigulanga esingagulanga singagulanga
2nd plural nigulile, nigulē enigulile, enigulē nigulile, nigulē anigulanga eningagulanga ningagulanga
Class 1 ugulile, ugulē ogulile, ogulē egulile, egulē akagulanga ongagulanga engagulanga
Class 2 bagulile, bagulē abagulile, abagulē begulile, begulē abagulanga abangagulanga bengagulanga
Class 3 ugulile, ugulē ogulile, ogulē ugulile, ugulē awugulanga ongagulanga ungagulanga
Class 4 igulile, igulē egulile, egulē igulile, igulē ayigulanga engagulanga ingagulanga
Class 5 ligulile, ligulē eligulile, eligulē ligulile, ligulē aligulanga elingagulanga lingagulanga
Class 6 agulile, agulē agulile, agulē egulile, egulē awagulanga angagulanga engagulanga
Class 7 sigulile, sigulē esigulile, esigulē sigulile, sigulē asigulanga esingagulanga singagulanga
Class 8 zigulile, zigulē ezigulile, ezigulē zigulile, zigulē azigulanga ezingagulanga zingagulanga
Class 9 igulile, igulē egulile, egulē igulile, igulē ayigulanga engagulanga ingagulanga
Class 10 zigulile, zigulē ezigulile, ezigulē zigulile, zigulē azigulanga ezingagulanga zingagulanga
Class 11 lugulile, lugulē olugulile, olugulē lugulile, lugulē alugulanga olungagulanga lungagulanga
Class 14 bugulile, bugulē obugulile, obugulē bugulile, bugulē abugulanga obungagulanga bungagulanga
Class 15 kugulile, kugulē okugulile, okugulē kugulile, kugulē akugulanga okungagulanga kungagulanga
Class 17 kugulile, kugulē okugulile, okugulē kugulile, kugulē akugulanga okungagulanga kungagulanga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngāgula engāgula ngāgula angigulanga engingagulanga ngingagulanga
2nd singular wāgula owāgula wāgula awugulanga ongagulanga ungagulanga
1st plural sāgula esāgula sāgula asigulanga esingagulanga singagulanga
2nd plural nāgula enāgula nāgula anigulanga eningagulanga ningagulanga
Class 1 wāgula owāgula āgula akagulanga ongagulanga engagulanga
Class 2 bāgula abāgula bāgula abagulanga abangagulanga bengagulanga
Class 3 wāgula owāgula wāgula awugulanga ongagulanga ungagulanga
Class 4 yāgula eyāgula yāgula ayigulanga engagulanga ingagulanga
Class 5 lāgula elāgula lāgula aligulanga elingagulanga lingagulanga
Class 6 āgula āgula āgula awagulanga angagulanga engagulanga
Class 7 sāgula esāgula sāgula asigulanga esingagulanga singagulanga
Class 8 zāgula ezāgula zāgula azigulanga ezingagulanga zingagulanga
Class 9 yāgula eyāgula yāgula ayigulanga engagulanga ingagulanga
Class 10 zāgula ezāgula zāgula azigulanga ezingagulanga zingagulanga
Class 11 lwāgula olwāgula lwāgula alugulanga olungagulanga lungagulanga
Class 14 bāgula obāgula bāgula abugulanga obungagulanga bungagulanga
Class 15 kwāgula okwāgula kwāgula akugulanga okungagulanga kungagulanga
Class 17 kwāgula okwāgula kwāgula akugulanga okungagulanga kungagulanga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingagula — ngingagula ngingegule — ngingegule
2nd singular ungagula — ungagula ungegule — ungegule
1st plural singagula — singagula singegule — singegule
2nd plural ningagula — ningagula ningegule — ningegule
Class 1 angagula — engagula angegule — engegule
Class 2 bangagula — bengagula bangegule — bengegule
Class 3 ungagula — ungagula ungegule — ungegule
Class 4 ingagula — ingagula ingegule — ingegule
Class 5 lingagula — lingagula lingegule — lingegule
Class 6 angagula — engagula angegule — engegule
Class 7 singagula — singagula singegule — singegule
Class 8 zingagula — zingagula zingegule — zingegule
Class 9 ingagula — ingagula ingegule — ingegule
Class 10 zingagula — zingagula zingegule — zingegule
Class 11 lungagula — lungagula lungegule — lungegule
Class 14 bungagula — bungagula bungegule — bungegule
Class 15 kungagula — kungagula kungegule — kungegule
Class 17 kungagula — kungagula kungegule — kungegule
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizogula engizogula ngizogula angizugula engingezugula ngingezugula
2nd singular uzogula ozogula uzogula awuzugula ongezugula ungezugula
1st plural sizogula esizogula sizogula asizugula esingezugula singezugula
2nd plural nizogula enizogula nizogula anizugula eningezugula ningezugula
Class 1 uzogula ozogula ezogula akazugula ongezugula engezugula
Class 2 bazogula abazogula bezogula abazugula abangezugula bengezugula
Class 3 uzogula ozogula uzogula awuzugula ongezugula ungezugula
Class 4 izogula ezogula izogula ayizugula engezugula ingezugula
Class 5 lizogula elizogula lizogula alizugula elingezugula lingezugula
Class 6 azogula azogula ezogula awazugula angezugula engezugula
Class 7 sizogula esizogula sizogula asizugula esingezugula singezugula
Class 8 zizogula ezizogula zizogula azizugula ezingezugula zingezugula
Class 9 izogula ezogula izogula ayizugula engezugula ingezugula
Class 10 zizogula ezizogula zizogula azizugula ezingezugula zingezugula
Class 11 luzogula oluzogula luzogula aluzugula olungezugula lungezugula
Class 14 buzogula obuzogula buzogula abuzugula obungezugula bungezugula
Class 15 kuzogula okuzogula kuzogula akuzugula okungezugula kungezugula
Class 17 kuzogula okuzogula kuzogula akuzugula okungezugula kungezugula
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyogula engiyogula ngiyogula angiyugula engingeyugula ngingeyugula
2nd singular uyogula oyogula uyogula awuyugula ongeyugula ungeyugula
1st plural siyogula esiyogula siyogula asiyugula esingeyugula singeyugula
2nd plural niyogula eniyogula niyogula aniyugula eningeyugula ningeyugula
Class 1 uyogula oyogula eyogula akayugula ongeyugula engeyugula
Class 2 bayogula abayogula beyogula abayugula abangeyugula bengeyugula
Class 3 uyogula oyogula uyogula awuyugula ongeyugula ungeyugula
Class 4 iyogula eyogula iyogula ayiyugula engeyugula ingeyugula
Class 5 liyogula eliyogula liyogula aliyugula elingeyugula lingeyugula
Class 6 ayogula ayogula eyogula awayugula angeyugula engeyugula
Class 7 siyogula esiyogula siyogula asiyugula esingeyugula singeyugula
Class 8 ziyogula eziyogula ziyogula aziyugula ezingeyugula zingeyugula
Class 9 iyogula eyogula iyogula ayiyugula engeyugula ingeyugula
Class 10 ziyogula eziyogula ziyogula aziyugula ezingeyugula zingeyugula
Class 11 luyogula oluyogula luyogula aluyugula olungeyugula lungeyugula
Class 14 buyogula obuyogula buyogula abuyugula obungeyugula bungeyugula
Class 15 kuyogula okuyogula kuyogula akuyugula okungeyugula kungeyugula
Class 17 kuyogula okuyogula kuyogula akuyugula okungeyugula kungeyugula
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngigule ngingaguli
2nd singular ugule ungaguli
1st plural sigule singaguli
2nd plural nigule ningaguli
Class 1 agule angaguli
Class 2 bagule bangaguli
Class 3 ugule ungaguli
Class 4 igule ingaguli
Class 5 ligule lingaguli
Class 6 agule angaguli
Class 7 sigule singaguli
Class 8 zigule zingaguli
Class 9 igule ingaguli
Class 10 zigule zingaguli
Class 11 lugule lungaguli
Class 14 bugule bungaguli
Class 15 kugule kungaguli
Class 17 kugule kungaguli
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngagula ngangagula, angagula, angangagula
2nd singular wagula wangagula, awagula, awangagula
1st plural sagula sangagula, asagula, asangagula
2nd plural nagula nangagula, anagula, anangagula
Class 1 wagula wangagula, akagula, akangagula
Class 2 bagula bangagula, abagula, abangagula
Class 3 wagula wangagula, awagula, awangagula
Class 4 yagula yangagula, ayagula, ayangagula
Class 5 lagula langagula, alagula, alangagula
Class 6 agula angagula, awagula, awangagula
Class 7 sagula sangagula, asagula, asangagula
Class 8 zagula zangagula, azagula, azangagula
Class 9 yagula yangagula, ayagula, ayangagula
Class 10 zagula zangagula, azagula, azangagula
Class 11 lwagula lwangagula, alwagula, alwangagula
Class 14 bagula bangagula, abagula, abangagula
Class 15 kwagula kwangagula, akwagula, akwangagula
Class 17 kwagula kwangagula, akwagula, akwangagula

References

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