Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kuning

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *kuningaz.

Noun

*kuning m^[1]

king

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kuning
Genitive	*kuningas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kuning	kuningō, kuningōs
Accusative	*kuning	*kuningā
Genitive	*kuningas	*kuningō
Dative	*kuningē	*kuningum
Instrumental	*kuningu	*kuningum

Derived terms

Descendants

Old English: cyning, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kining, kuning, cyncg, cyngc, kyningc, kung — Northumbrian
- Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
  - English: king (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: keeng, king
  - Yola: kinge, king
- → English: cyning (learned)
Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
- North Frisian: köning, kining (Mooring), Köning (Sylt)
- Saterland Frisian: Kening
- West Frisian: kening
Old Saxon: kuning
- Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
  - Low German:
    - Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
    - German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
      - Plautdietsch: Kjennich
  - → Latgalian: kieneņš
  - → Latvian: ķēniņš
  - → Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig
  - → West Frisian: keuning
Old Dutch: cuninc
- Middle Dutch: cōninc
  - Dutch: koning
    - Afrikaans: koning
    - Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
    - → Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
    - → Sranan Tongo: kownu
      - → Lokono: kónoe
      - → Aukan: konu
      - → Kari'na: konu
  - Limburgish: keuning
Old High German: kuning, cuning, chuninc, chuning, khuninc
- Middle High German: künic, künec
  - Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
  - Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
  - Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
  - Cimbrian: khuuneg
  - German: König
  - Luxembourgish: Kinnek
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: Keenich
  - Vilamovian: kyng
  - Yiddish: קיניג (kinig), קעניג (kenig)

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45: “PWGmc *kuning”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45: “PWGmc *kuning”

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