Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kaisar

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin Caesar.

Noun

*kaisar m^[1]

emperor

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kaisar
Genitive	*kaisaras
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kaisar	kaisarō, kaisarōs
Accusative	*kaisar	*kaisarā
Genitive	*kaisaras	*kaisarō
Dative	*kaisarē	*kaisarum
Instrumental	*kaisaru	*kaisarum

Descendants

Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser
- Middle English: casere, kasere, caser, casare, kasar (Northern)
  - Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard
Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser
- Saterland Frisian: Kaiser
- West Frisian: keizer
Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari
- Middle Low German: *keisere
  - Plautdietsch: Kjeisa
- → Old Norse: keisari
  - Icelandic: keisari
  - Faroese: keisari
  - Norwegian:
    Norwegian Bokmål: keiser
    Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar
  - Old Swedish: keysar, keysare
    - Swedish: kejsare
    - → Finnish: keisari
  - Danish: kejser
  - Gutnish: kaisare
Old Dutch: keiser
- Middle Dutch: keiser
  - Dutch: keizer
Old High German: keisar, keisur
- Middle High German: keiser
  - German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser (obsolete)
    - → Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
    - → Upper Sorbian: kejžor
  - Luxembourgish: Keeser
  - Yiddish: קייסער (keyser)
- → Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
  - ⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
    - → Scots: Kaiser

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 136: “PWGmc *kaisar”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 136: “PWGmc *kaisar”

[1]