Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/under

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From a merger of two originally distinct prepositions as a result of Verner's law: Pre-Germanic *untér and *undʰér, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥tér (“inside”), from which also Latin inter; and *h₁n̥dʰér (“under”), whence Latin īnfrā, Sanskrit अध (adhá, “below”), Ossetian дӕлӕ (dælæ, “below”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈun.der/

Preposition

*under^[1]

(+dative) among, between
(+dative) under, beneath (location)
(+accusative) under (direction)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *undar
- Old English: under
  - Middle English: under, vnder, onder
    - English: under
    - Scots: unner
    - Yola: unnere
- Old Frisian: under
  - North Frisian: öner
  - Saterland Frisian: unner
  - West Frisian: ûnder
- Old Saxon: undar
  - Middle Low German: under, ünder, ynder
    - Low German: ünner
    - Plautdietsch: unja
- Old Dutch: under
  - Middle Dutch: onder
    - Dutch: onder
      - Afrikaans: onder
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: ondro
      - Negerhollands: onder, ondu, undu
      - → Aukan: ondoo
    - Limburgish: ónger
- Old High German: untar, undar, under
  - Middle High German: unter
    - German: unter
    - Hunsrik: unne
    - Luxembourgish: ënner
    - Yiddish: אונטער (unter)
Old Norse: undir
- Icelandic: undir
- Faroese: undir
- Norn: onjder, onder
- Norwegian Bokmål: under
- Norwegian Nynorsk: under
- Old Swedish: undir
  - Swedish: under
- Danish: under
- Gutnish: undar, unda, undur
Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (undar)
→? Old Galician-Portuguese: unter
- Galician: unter, ontre

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*under-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 559

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*under-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 559

[1]