Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱís, compound of *ḱe +‎ *ís.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /xiz/

Determiner

*hiz

this

Inflection

Declension of *hiz (irregular)

Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*hiz	*hīz	*hijō?	*hijōz	*hit	*hijō
Accusative	*hinǭ	*hinz	*hijǭ	*hijōz	*hit	*hijō
Genitive	*hes	*hezǫ̂	*hezōz	*hezǫ̂	*hes	*hezǫ̂
Dative	*himmai	*himaz	*hezōi	*himaz	*himmai	*himaz
Instrumental	*hinō	*himiz	*hezō	*himiz	*hinō	*himiz

Derived terms

*hidrê
*hinō dagō
- Proto-West Germanic: *hiu dagu (see there for further descendants)
- Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 (himma daga)

Related terms

*hē₂r

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hiʀ
- Old English: hē
  - Middle English: he, hee, ȝe, e, hey, hi, hie, hye, heo, ho, hæ, ha, a
    - English: he
    - Scots: he
    - Yola: hea, he, hey, hay
- Old Frisian: hī
  - North Frisian:
    Most dialects: hi, he
    Halligen: hii
  - Saterland Frisian: hie
  - West Frisian: hy
- Old Saxon: hē, hī
  - Middle Low German: hê, hî
    - German Low German: he
    - Low German: he
- Old Dutch: hie
  - Middle Dutch: hi
    - Dutch: hij, ie
    - Limburgish: hae
- Old High German: her (northern dialects)
  - Middle High German: her, *he
    - Central Franconian: hä
    - Luxembourgish: hien (from the accusative)
    - Vilamovian: hār
Proto-Norse: ᚺᛁᚾᛟ (hino) (masculine accusative singular)
Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐍃 (*his)

References

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN