豈

See also: 岂

豈	U+8C48, 豈 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C48

← 豇
[U+8C47]

CJK Unified Ideographs

豉 →
[U+8C49]

豈	U+F900, 豈 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F900

[unassigned: U+D7FC–U+F8FF]

← ퟻ
[U+D7FB]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

更 →
[U+F901]

Translingual

Han character

豈 (Kangxi radical 151, 豆+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 山一口廿 (UMRT), four-corner 2210₈, composition ⿱山豆)

Derived characters

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1191, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36249
Dae Jaweon: page 1654, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3565, character 4
Unihan data for U+8C48
Unihan data for U+F900

Chinese

trad.		豈
simp.		岂

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 豈
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (豈) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
獃	tŋɯː, ŋɯː
剴	kŋɯːl, ŋɯːl
凱	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
愷	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
塏	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
鎧	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯːls
颽	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
暟	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
闓	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯːls
豈	ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ
隑	ɡɯːls, ŋɯːl
皚	*ŋɯːl
嵦	*ŋɡɯːl
敳	*ŋɯːl
磑	ŋɯːl, ŋuːl, *ŋuːls
螘	ŋralʔ, ŋɯlʔ
覬	*krɯls
溰	*ŋɯl
顗	*ŋɯlʔ

Possibly a variation of 壴 with the top part modified. May have been the original form of 凱 (“music of triumph”).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qǐ (qi³)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hei²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khí
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khí

(Teochew, Peng'im): ka² / ki²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cǐ
  - Wade–Giles: chʻi³
  - Yale: chǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chii
  - Palladius: ци (ci)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hei²
  - Yale: héi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hei²
  - Guangdong Romanization: héi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khí
  - Hakka Romanization System: ki^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ki³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí
  - Tâi-lô: khí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qie
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ka² / ki²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khá / khí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰa⁵²/, /kʰi⁵²/

Middle Chinese: khj+jX

Rime
Character	豈
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	袪狶切
Baxter	khj+jX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨi^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɨi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiəi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨj^X/
Li Rong	/kʰiəi^X/
Wang Li	/kʰĭəi^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰe̯i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰəjʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	豈
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ khj+j^X ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰəjʔ/
English	how
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	豈
Reading #	2/2
No.	10123
Phonetic component	豈
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	豈
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/

Definitions

豈

(literary, rhetorical question) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions)
Synonyms: 怎麼／怎么, 哪, 難道／难道 (nándào), 莫非 (mòfēi)

豈有此理／岂有此理 ― qǐyǒucǐlǐ ― how can such an idea stand?
- 豈不懷歸，畏此簡書。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  岂不怀归，畏此简书。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Qǐ bù huái guī, wèi cǐ jiǎn shū. [Pinyin]
  Did we not long to return? Yet we were reverent to our command.
(dated) possibly; perhaps (modal particle indicating tentativeness)
- 天王豈辱裁之？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  天王岂辱裁之？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE
  Tiānwáng qǐ rǔ cái zhī? [Pinyin]
  Might Your Majesty graciously decide so?

Compounds

豈不／岂不 (qǐbù)
豈不是／岂不是 (qǐbùshì)
豈但／岂但 (qǐdàn)
豈只／岂只 (qǐzhǐ)
豈可／岂可 (qǐkě)
豈敢／岂敢 (qǐgǎn)
豈料／岂料 (qǐliào)
豈有此理／岂有此理 (qǐyǒucǐlǐ)
豈期／岂期
豈止／岂止 (qǐzhǐ)
豈直／岂直
豈知／岂知
豈能／岂能 (qǐnéng)
豈非／岂非 (qǐfēi)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 愷 (“peaceful; harmonious”). (This character is an obsolete form of 愷).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 凱 (“music of triumph; paean; triumph; victory; etc.”). (This character is an obsolete form of 凱).

References

“Query for 豈”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
“豈”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

豈

(Hyōgai kanji)

an interjection of surprise

Readings

On (unclassified): き (ki)、がい (gai)、かい (kai)
Kun: あに (ani)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
豈
あに Hyōgai
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Since the Heian period, mostly used in 漢文訓読 (kanbun kundoku).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) あに [áꜜnì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]
IPA^(key): [a̠ɲ̟i]

Adverb

豈(あに) • (ani)

a rhetorical interrogative: (just) how
expresses a strong denial: not at all, not in the least

Derived terms

豈図(あにはか)らんや (ani hakaran ya)

References

^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
^ Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

豈 (eumhun 어찌 기 (eojji gi))

hanja form^? of 기 (“how, what”)

豈 (eumhun 승전악 개 (seungjeonak gae))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

豈: Hán Việt readings: khởi

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[K-1] Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[M-2] Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

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