荷

Translingual

Han character

荷 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 廿人一口 (TOMR), four-corner 4422₁, composition ⿱艹何)

Derived characters

嗬, 𬄋

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1032, character 13
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31000
Dae Jaweon: page 1491, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3220, character 4
Unihan data for U+8377

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 荷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
砢	*ɡ·raːlʔ
柯	*kaːl
菏	kaːl, ɡaːl
牁	*kaːl
滒	*kaːl
哥	*kaːl
歌	*kaːl
謌	*kaːl
鴚	*kaːl
哿	*kaːlʔ
舸	*kaːlʔ
笴	kaːlʔ, kaːnʔ
軻	kʰaːl, kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂	*kʰaːl
可	*kʰaːlʔ
岢	*kʰaːlʔ
坷	kʰaːlʔ, kʰaːls
蚵	kʰaːls, ɡaːl
呵	qʰaːl, qʰaːls
訶	*qʰaːl
抲	*qʰaːl
荷	qʰaːls, ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何	ɡaːl, ɡaːlʔ
河	*ɡaːl
苛	*ɡaːl
魺	*ɡaːl
袔	*ɡaːls
阿	*qaːl
妸	qaːl, qaːlʔ
疴	qaːl, kʰraːls
鈳	*qaːl
娿	qaːl, qaːlʔ
痾	*qaːl
跒	*kʰraːlʔ
閜	*qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 何 (OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ).

Etymology 1

trad.		荷
simp. ^#		荷

Possibly related to Burmese ကြာ (kra, “water lily”).^[1]

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hé (he²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ho³
Gan (Wiktionary): ho²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hò
Jin (Wiktionary): he¹
Northern Min (KCR): ǒ̤
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hô / hô͘ / ô / hâ

(Teochew, Peng'im): o⁵ / ho⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶wu
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hé
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hé
  - Wade–Giles: ho²
  - Yale: hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
  - Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ho⁴
  - Yale: hòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ho⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ho⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ho³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔ²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: ho²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ho²⁴/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hò
  - Hakka Romanization System: ho^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ho²
  - Sinological IPA: /ho¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: he¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /xɤ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǒ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
  - Tâi-lô: hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ho¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
  - Tâi-lô: hôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ô
  - Tâi-lô: ô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ooi
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /o¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /o²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɤ²³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâ
  - Tâi-lô: hâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haa
  - IPA (Taipei): /ha²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha²³/

Note:

hô/hô͘ - literary;
ô - vernacular;
hâ - in 荷包 (hâ-pau).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: o⁵ / ho⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ô / hô
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /o⁵⁵/, /ho⁵⁵/

Note:

o5 - vernacular;
ho5 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶wu
  - MiniDict: wu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦu²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ho²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo¹³/

Middle Chinese: ha

Rime
Character	荷
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡歌切
Baxter	ha
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦa/
Li Rong	/ɣɑ/
Wang Li	/ɣɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ho⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤaj/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	荷
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ ha ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁaj/
English	lotus
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	荷
Reading #	2/3
No.	7463
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	何
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːl/

Definitions

荷

lotus
lotus leaf
Short for 荷蘭／荷兰 (Hélán, “Netherlands”).
a surname

Compounds

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to Etymology 1?”)

trad.		荷
simp. ^#		荷
alternative forms		𦽅

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): he (he⁵／he⁰)

(Zhuyin): ˙ㄏㄜ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ho³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hò
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hô / hǒ͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): ho³
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: he
  - Zhuyin: ˙ㄏㄜ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: he̊
  - Wade–Giles: ho⁵
  - Yale: he
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .he
  - Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xə/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ho⁴
  - Yale: hòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ho⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ho⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ho³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hò
  - Hakka Romanization System: ho^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ho²
  - Sinological IPA: /ho¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
  - Tâi-lô: hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
  - Tâi-lô: hǒo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ho³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hò
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ho²¹³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ho⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo⁴⁵/

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰaːls/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	荷
Reading #	1/3
No.	7457
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	呵
Old Chinese	/*qʰaːls/
Notes	薄荷（𦽅）的今字

Definitions

荷

Only used in 薄荷 (bòhé).

Compounds

薄荷 (bòhé)
薄荷油 (bòhéyóu)
薄荷精
薄荷腦／薄荷脑 (bòhénǎo)

Etymology 3

trad.		荷
simp. ^#		荷
alternative forms		何

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“back (lower); kidney; load; carry”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྒལ་པ (sgal pa, “small of the back”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (gəl, “kidney”), Tangut 𗹼 (*khiwa¹, “kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”), 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ, “to be able to”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hè (he⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ho⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hō / hō͘ / hǒ͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): o⁶
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hè
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hè
  - Wade–Giles: ho⁴
  - Yale: hè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
  - Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ho⁶
  - Yale: hoh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ho⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ho⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ho⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔ³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō
  - Tâi-lô: hō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoi
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ho²²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ho⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ho³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
  - Tâi-lô: hōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ho
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
  - Tâi-lô: hǒo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: o⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ŏ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /o³⁵/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ho⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: haX

Rime
Character	荷
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡可切
Baxter	haX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦa^X/
Li Rong	/ɣɑ^X/
Wang Li	/ɣɑ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɑ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ho⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤajʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	荷
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hè
Middle Chinese	‹ ha^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁajʔ/
English	carry
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	荷
Reading #	3/3
No.	7465
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	荷
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːlʔ/

Definitions

荷

to carry (a load on one's shoulder); to hold
to shoulder; to bear (e.g. responsibilities)
load; burden
(physics) load; charge

Compounds

Etymology 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 荷 – see 苛 (“trifling; tedious”). (This character is an obsolete form of 苛).

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of 荷 – see 訶 (“to investigate; to interrogate”). (This character is an obsolete form of 訶).

References

^ Luce, G. H. (1981) “-A Finals (> 13. Lotus; Water lily (Nelumbium; Nymphaea)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN, page 1

Japanese

Kanji

荷

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

load, cargo
luggage

Readings

Go-on: が (ga)
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
Kun: に (ni, 荷, Jōyō)、になう (ninau, 荷う)

Compounds

稲荷(いなり) (Inari)
出荷(しゅっか) (shukka)
荷(に)物(もつ) (nimotsu)
入荷(にゅうか) (nyūka)
薄荷(はっか) (hakka)
負荷(ふか) (fuka)
茗(みょう)荷(が) (myōga), 蘘(みょう)荷(が) (myōga): myoga or Japanese ginger (Zingiber mioga); a dimwit, an idiot, a stupid person; a kind of kamon, family crest

Counter

荷(か) • (-ka)

loads that can be carried on one's shoulders

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 荷 (MC haX, “load”).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ〯 (Yale: hhǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)^訓 (Yale: ha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠]
Phonetic hangul: [하]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

荷

Wikisource

荷 (eumhun 멜 하 (mel ha))

hanja form^? of 하 (“load; burden; cargo; freight”)
hanja form^? of 하 (“to bear; to undertake; to take charge; to owe”)

Compounds

하역 (荷役, hayeok)
하물 (荷物, hamul, “freight; cargo; goods”)
하주 (荷主, haju, “owner of goods”)
하중 (荷重, hajung, “load; weight”)
하치 (荷置, hachi, “unloading”)
선하 (船荷, seonha, “shippped cargo”)
입하 (入荷, ipha, “arrival of cargo”)
부하 (負荷, buha, “load; workload”)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 荷 (MC ha, “lotus”).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ (Yale: hha) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)^訓 (Yale: ha) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)^訓 (Yale: ha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠]
Phonetic hangul: [하]

Hanja

荷 (eumhun 연꽃 하 (yeonkkot ha))

hanja form^? of 하 (“lotus; water lily”)
Synonym: 蓮 (련/연 (ryeon/yeon))

Compounds

양하 (蘘荷, yangha, “myoga”)
하엽 (荷葉, hayeop, “lotus leaf”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

荷: Hán Nôm readings: hà

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Luce, G. H. (1981) “-A Finals (> 13. Lotus; Water lily (Nelumbium; Nymphaea)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN, page 1

[1]