渴

See also: 渇

渴	U+6E34, 渴 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E34

← 渳
[U+6E33]

CJK Unified Ideographs

渵 →
[U+6E35]

Translingual

Han character

渴 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水日心女 (EAPV), four-corner 3612₇, composition ⿰氵曷)

Derived characters

䔽𩅳

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 635, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17788
Dae Jaweon: page 1042, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1676, character 4
Unihan data for U+6E34

Chinese

trad.		渴
simp. ^#		渴

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 渴
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (曷) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
愒	kʰaːds, kʰrads, *kʰrad
馤	*qaːds
靄	qaːds, qaːd
餲	qraːds, qrads, ɡaːd, qaːd
喝	qraːds, qʰoːb, *qʰaːd
揭	kʰrads, ked, kʰrad, ɡrad, kad, ɡad
偈	ɡrads, ɡrad
猲	kʰob, qʰaːd, *qʰad
葛	*kaːd
輵	*kaːd
獦	klaːd, rab
渴	kʰaːd, ɡrad
嵑	*kʰaːd
暍	qʰaːd, qad
曷	*ɡaːd
褐	*ɡaːd
鶡	*ɡaːd
毼	*ɡaːd
蝎	*ɡaːd
鞨	ɡaːd, ɢljad
遏	*qaːd
齃	*qaːd
堨	*qaːd
擖	kʰreːd, kraːd, *r'aːb
楬	kʰraːd, ɡrad, *ɡad
朅	*kʰrad
藒	*kʰrad
竭	ɡrad, ɡad
碣	ɡrad, ɡad
羯	*kad
鍻	*kad
歇	*qʰad
蠍	*qʰad
謁	*qad

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːd, *ɡrad) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd); dry, exhausted (of water).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kě (ke³)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hot³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hot

(Hailu, HRS): hod

(Meixian, Guangdong): hod⁵ / hod⁶
Eastern Min (BUC): kák
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khoah / khat

(Teochew, Peng'im): guah⁴
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁷kheq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kě
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kě
  - Wade–Giles: kʻo³
  - Yale: kě
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kee
  - Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hot³
  - Yale: hot
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hot⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: hod³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːt̚³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hot
  - Hakka Romanization System: hod^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hod⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /hot̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: hod
  - Sinological IPA: /hot⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hod⁵ / hod⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /hɔt̚¹/, /hɔt̚⁵/

Note:

Meixian:
- hod6 - "tired".

Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kák
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoah / khat
  - Tâi-lô: khuah / khat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoaq, qad
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰuaʔ³²/, /kʰat̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰuaʔ⁵/, /kʰat̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰuaʔ³²/, /kʰat̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰuaʔ³²/, /kʰat̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰuaʔ³²/, /kʰat̚³²/

Note:

khoah - vernacular;
khat - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: guah⁴
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuah
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuaʔ²/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁷kheq
  - MiniDict: kheh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴kheq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰəʔ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: khat

Rime
Character	渴
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	曷 (63)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦曷切
Baxter	khat
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɑt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɑt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɑt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰat̚/
Li Rong	/kʰɑt̚/
Wang Li	/kʰɑt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ke
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hot³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*Nə-[k]ʰˤat/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	渴
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kě
Middle Chinese	‹ khat ›
Old Chinese	/*Nə-[k]ʰˁat/
English	thirsty
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	渴
Reading #	1/2
No.	5025
Phonetic component	曷
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	渴
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːd/
Notes	說文右加欠

Definitions

渴

thirsty
口渴 ― kǒukě ― thirsty

渴望 ― kěwàng ― to thirst/to long for
(dialectal Hakka) tired

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 渴 (“thirsty”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		口渴
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	渴
	Taiwan	渴
	Singapore	口渴
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	渴
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	渴, 炕
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	口乾, 渴
	Wuhan	渴, 口乾
	Guilin	渴
	Liuzhou	口渴, 口乾, 頸乾, 喉乾
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	嘴乾
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	渴, 口乾
Cantonese	Guangzhou	頸渴
	Hong Kong	頸渴, 口渴
	Taishan	頸渴
	Yangjiang	頸渴, 渴
	Singapore (Guangfu)	頸渴, 口渴
Gan	Nanchang	渴
Hakka	Meixian	肚渴, 渴
	Xingning	嘴渴
	Huidong (Daling)	渴
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	嘴渴
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	口渴
	Wengyuan	嘴燥
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	頸渴
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	頸渴
	Liannan	渴
	Jiexi	肚渴
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	渴
	Changting	嘴燥
	Wuping	嘴恁燥, 嘴恁渴
	Wuping (Yanqian)	嘴燥
	Wuping (Pingyu)	肚渴
	Liancheng	嘴燥
	Ninghua	口燥, 渴
	Ningdu	嘴燥
	Ruijin	嘴燥
	Shicheng	嘴燥
	Shangyou (Shexi)	口乾
	Tonggu (Sandu)	乾
	Dayu	口乾
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	嘴渴, 肚渴
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	嘴渴, 肚渴
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	嘴渴, 肚渴
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	嘴渴, 肚渴
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	嘴渴, 肚渴
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	嘴渴
	Hong Kong	渴
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	渴
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	渴
	Xinyi (Sihe)	頸渴
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	頸渴
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	渴
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	渴
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	渴
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	嘴燥
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	渴
	Mengshan (Xihe)	渴
	Luchuan	渴
Jin	Taiyuan	渴
Northern Min	Jian'ou	喙焦
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	渴, 喙焦
Eastern Min	Matsu	喙焦
Southern Min	Xiamen	喙焦, 喙渴
	Quanzhou	喙焦
	Zhangzhou	喙焦, 喙渴, 喙堅
	Zhao'an	喙渴
	Taipei	喙焦
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	喙焦喉渴
	Kaohsiung	喙焦
	Yilan	喙焦
	Changhua (Lukang)	喙焦
	Taichung	喙焦
	Tainan	喙焦
	Hsinchu	喙焦
	Kinmen	喙焦
	Penghu (Magong)	喙焦
	Penang (Hokkien)	喙焦
	Singapore (Hokkien)	喙焦
	Manila (Hokkien)	喙焦
	Chaozhou	喉焦
	Shantou	喉焦
	Jieyang	喉焦
	Haifeng	喉渴
	Singapore (Teochew)	喉焦
	Pontianak (Teochew)	喉焦
	Wenchang	渴
	Haikou	喙渴
	Singapore (Hainanese)	渴, 喙渴
Wu	Suzhou	嘴乾
	Danyang	口乾
	Wenzhou	渴, 口燥
Xiang	Changsha	口乾, 乾
Xiang	Shuangfeng	口乾, 乾

Dialectal synonyms of 累 (“tired”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		疲倦, 疲乏, 疲累, 疲憊, 疲勞
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	累, 乏
	Taiwan	累
	Malaysia	累
	Singapore	累
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	累, 乏
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	乏
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	乏, 累
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	乏
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	累
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	累
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	累, 痿
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	累
Cantonese	Guangzhou	攰
	Hong Kong	攰
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	攰
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	攰
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	攰
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	攰
	Macau	攰
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	攰
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	攰
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	疚
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	攰
	Foshan	攰
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	疚
	Foshan (Shunde)	攰
	Foshan (Sanshui)	疚攰
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	疚攰
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	疓
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	疓
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	疚, 攰
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	疚, 攰
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	疚
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	疚
	Taishan	疚, 攰, 疓
	Kaiping (Chikan)	疚, 攰
	Enping (Niujiang)	疚, 攰
	Heshan (Yayao)	疚算
	Dongguan	攰
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	攰
	Qingyuan	攰
	Fogang	攰
	Yingde (Hanguang)	攰
	Yangshan	攰
	Lianshan (Butian)	累
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	攰
	Shaoguan	攰
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	攰
	Renhua	攰
	Lechang	攰
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	攰
	Sihui	攰
	Guangning	攰
	Deqing	攰
	Huaiji	攰
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	疓, 攰
	Yunfu	攰
	Xinxing	疓
	Luoding	攰
	Yunan (Pingtai)	攰
	Yangjiang	攰, 疓
	Xinyi	攰
	Lianjiang	攰
	Nanning	攰
	Wuzhou	攰
	Yulin	攰, 累
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	攰
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	攰
	Singapore (Guangfu)	攰
Gan	Nanchang	累
Hakka	Meixian	𤸁, 渴
	Xingning	𤸁
	Huidong (Daling)	𤸁
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	𤸁
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	𤸁
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	𤸁
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	𤸁
	Wengyuan	𤸁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	𤸁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	𤸁
	Liannan	𤸁
	Jiexi	渴
	Luhe	悿 Hetian, 渴 Xintian
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	悿
	Changting	累
	Wuping	𤸁
	Wuping (Yanqian)	𤸁
	Wuping (Pingyu)	𤸁
	Liancheng	𤸁
	Ninghua	累
	Ningdu	累
	Ruijin	𤸁
	Shangyou (Shexi)	𤸁
	Tonggu (Sandu)	累
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	𤸁, 悿
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	𤸁, 悿
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	悿
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	悿, 𤸁
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	悿
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	悿
	Hong Kong	𤸁
	Xinyi (Sihe)	𤸁
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	𤸁
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	𤸁
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	𤸁
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	𤸁
	Mengshan (Xihe)	𤸁
	Luchuan	𤸁
	Senai (Huiyang)	𤸁
	Kuching (Hepo)	𤺪
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	渴
	Singkawang	渴
Huizhou	Jixi	吃力
Jin	Taiyuan	乏, 累
Jin	Xinzhou	累
Northern Min	Jian'ou	累, 軟
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	弱
Southern Min	Xiamen	𤺪, 厭
	Quanzhou	𤺪, 厭
	Zhangzhou	𤺪, 厭
	Zhao'an	厭, 悿
	Taipei	悿
	Taipei (Wanhua)	悿, 𤺪
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	悿, 𤺪
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	悿
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	悿, 𤺪
	Kaohsiung	悿
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	悿, 𤺪
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	悿
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	悿, 𤺪
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	悿
	Yilan	悿, 懶
	Yilan (Toucheng)	悿, 𤺪
	Changhua (Lukang)	悿
	Taichung	𤺪
	Taichung (Wuqi)	悿
	Tainan	悿, 𤺪
	Tainan (Anping)	悿, 𤺪
	Taitung	悿
	Hsinchu	悿, 𤺪
	Kinmen	悿
	Penghu (Magong)	悿, 𤺪
	Penghu (Xiyu)	悿, 𤺪
	Penang (Hokkien)	𤺪
	Singapore (Hokkien)	𤺪
	Manila (Hokkien)	𤺪
	Chaozhou	乏, 累
	Shantou	乏, 𤺪
	Shantou (Chenghai)	乏
	Jieyang	乏
	Haifeng	悿
	Bangkok (Teochew)	乏
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	乏
	Singapore (Teochew)	𤺪, 累, 乏
	Leizhou	乏
	Wenchang	乏
	Haikou	乏
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	瞓
Wu	Shanghai	吃力, 衰瘏
	Suzhou	吃力
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	吃力
	Ningbo	着力, 吃力 rare
	Wenzhou	㾯, 吃力
Xiang	Changsha	傫
Xiang	Shuangfeng	鶴累

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (渴):

→ Vietnamese: khát (渴)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jié (jie²)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kit³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jié
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jié
  - Wade–Giles: chieh²
  - Yale: jyé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
  - Palladius: цзе (cze)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: kit³
  - Yale: kit
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kit⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: kid³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiːt̚³/

Middle Chinese: gjet

Rime
Character	渴
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	薛 (83)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠列切
Baxter	gjet
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiᴇt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚiɛt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiæt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/giat̚/
Li Rong	/ɡjɛt̚/
Wang Li	/ɡĭɛt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯ɛt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jié
Expected Cantonese Reflex	git⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡrad/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	渴
Reading #	2/2
No.	5055
Phonetic component	曷
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	傑
Old Chinese	/*ɡrad/
Notes	後通作竭

Definitions

渴

(obsolete) Alternative form of 竭 (jié, “to use up; to exhaust; to cause to dry up”)

References

“渴”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	渇
Kyūjitai	渴

Kanji

渴

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 渇)

Readings

On (unclassified): かつ (katsu)、かち (kachi)、けつ (ketsu)、げち (gechi)、かい (kai)
Kun: かわく (kawaku, 渴く)

Korean

Hanja

渴 (eumhun 목마를 갈 (mongmareul gal))

hanja form^? of 갈 (“thirsty”)

Compounds

갈증 (渴症, galjeung, “thirst”)
갈망 (渴望, galmang, “a longing”)
갈애 (渴愛, garae, “craving”)

Vietnamese

Han character

渴: Hán Nôm readings: khát, kiệt, hạt, khửa, khở, khưở, khữ, khỡ, khữa, khã

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