Ying Shao (c.144–204),[2] courtesy name Zhongyuan, was a Chinese politician, writer and historian who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty. He was an author of the Fengsu Tongyi, an encyclopedic work about the folk customs and legends that existed in the Eastern Han dynasty. Ying Shao occupied official posts in the Han government[12], and in his official position he was an active participant in imperial politics. He was a long-time close associate of Cao Cao; he was extensively covered in volumes 9[13], 35[14], 71[15] and 103 of the historical text Book of the Later Han[16].
Ying Shao | |
|---|---|
| 應劭 | |
| Colonel who Advises the Army (軍謀校尉) (under Yuan Shao) | |
| In office ?–203 | |
| Administrator of Taishan (泰山太守) | |
| In office 189–194[1] | |
| Monarchs | Emperor Ling of Han / Emperor Xian of Han |
| Registrar of Runan (汝南主簿) | |
| In office 177–184 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Ling of Han |
| Gentleman Official (郎官) | |
| In office 173–177 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Ling of Han |
| Managing Military Scribe (御史營令) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Monarch | Emperor Ling of Han |
| Prefect of Xiao (County) (蕭令) | |
| In office 178–? | |
| Monarch | Emperor Ling of Han |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c.144[2] Xiangcheng, Henan |
| Died | 204[2] Handan, Hebei |
| Relations | [8][9] |
| Parent | |
| Occupation | Politician, writer, historian |
| Courtesy name | Zhongyuan (仲瑗) also spelt 仲援 or 仲遠[11] |
Life
editYing Shao was from Nandun County (南頓縣), Runan Commandery (汝南郡), which is located west of present-day Xiangcheng, Henan. He was nominated as a xiaolian during the reign of Emperor Ling of Han, and later served as a minor official under He Miao, Empress He's half-brother[17]. From 189[18] to 194, Ying Shao served as the Administrator of Taishan Commandery in Xu Province. In c.December 191, he repelled an attack on his commandery by the remnants of the Yellow Turban rebels, recorded in the Book of the Later Han[19]. In 193 and 194, the warlord Cao Cao attacked Xu Province to seek vengeance for the murder of his father Cao Song. Thus, Ying Shao fled from Taishan Commandery and took refuge under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao. By the time Cao Cao defeated the Yuan family and conquered the Hebei region, Ying Shao was already dead. The interim events are given in two versions in Pei Songzhi's annotations to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the Wei Jin Shiyu (魏晉世語) by Guo Song (郭頒), and Wei Zhao's Book of Wu (吳書). Ying Shao eventually died in Ye city[20].
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ying Shao's biography in Book of the Later Han recorded that he fled from his post in Taishan in the 1st year of the Xing'ping era of Emperor Xian's reign.
- ^ a b c Knechtges, David R. (2014). "Ying Shao 應劭 (d. ca. 204), zi Zhongyuan 眾遠". In David R. Knechtges; Taiping Chang (eds.). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China, vol. 25/3. Brill. pp. 1933–1940. doi:10.1163/9789004271852_002. ISBN 978-90-04-27185-2.
- ^ There are two pronunciations of the character "玚": "chàng" and "yáng".
- ^ Zhu Jianping's biography in vol. 29 of Sanguozhi recorded that Ying Qu was 63 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died.
- ^ (《文章叙录》曰：璩字休琏，...。嘉平四年卒，...) Wenzhang Xulu annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.21
- ^ (应贞，字吉甫，汝南南顿人，魏侍中璩之子也。....泰始五年卒，....。) Jin Shu, vol.92
- ^ (弟纯。) Jin Shu, vol.92
- ^ Sima Biao, Xu Hanshu: "劭又著中漢輯敘、漢官儀及禮儀故事，凡十一種，百三十六卷。朝廷制度，百官儀式，所以不亡者，由劭記之。官至泰山太守。劭弟珣，字季瑜，司空掾，即瑒之父。" Cited in Chen and Pei 429, 21.601 n.1.
- ^ (玚弟璩，璩子贞，....) Sanguozhi, vol.21
- ^ Hua Jiao, Hanhou shu: "瑒祖奉，字世叔。才敏善諷誦，故世稱「應世叔讀書，五行俱下」。著後序十餘篇，爲世儒者。延熹中，至司隷校尉。子劭字仲遠 [sic]，亦博學多識，尤好事。諸所撰述風俗通等，凡百餘篇，辭雖不典，世服其博聞。" Cited in Chen and Pei 429, 21.601 n.1.
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). "Ying Shao 應劭 [Zhongyuan 仲瑗/仲遠/仲援]". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China, vol. 19. Leiden: Brill. p. 987. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7. ISBN 9789047411840.
- ^ Ying Shao's biography in Book of the Later Han did not mention that he served as Prefect of Xiao (County) or Managing Military Scribe; these positions were recorded by Yan Shigu in his Hanshu Xuli (汉书叙例). (应劭字仲瑗，〈一字仲援，一字仲远。〉汝南南顿人，后汉萧令，御史营令，泰山太守。) In his Fengsu Tongyi, Ying Shao wrote about his various appointments. (俗云：“五月到官，至免〈佀“死”字，或“老”字。〉不迁。”今年有茂才除萧令，五月到官，破日入舍，视事五月，四府所表，迁武陵令。余为营陵令，正触太岁。主簿令余东北上，余不从。在事五月，迁太山守。) Quan Houhan Wen (全后汉文), vol.36. Quan Houhan Wen also collected most of his extant writings, including fragments of Fengsu Tongyi which are not part of the 10 complete chapters.
- ^ Annals of Emperor Xian of Han
- ^ Biography of Zheng Xuan
- ^ Biography of Zhu Jun
- ^ Ying Shao's own biography in Book of the Later Han is in volume 48.
- ^ (灵帝时举孝廉，辟车骑将军何苗掾。) Houhanshu, vol.48
- ^ ([中平]六年，拜太山太守。) Houhanshu, vol.48. It is unknown under which emperor Ying Shao began his term; in the Julian calendar, the year starts from 4 February, Emperor Ling died in May that year, Liu Bian was emperor from May to September, while Emperor Xian was made emperor in late September.
- ^ ([初平]二年...十一月，青州黄巾寇太山，太山太守应劭击破之。) Houhanshu, vol.09. The month corresponds to 4 Dec 191 to 2 Jan 192 in the Julian calendar.
- ^ (后卒于邺。) Houhanshu, vol.48
- Chen Shou (1977) [429]. Pei Songzhi (ed.). Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms 三國志注. Taipei: Dingwen Printing.
- Hua Jiao (華嶠) [in Chinese]. Hanhou Shu 漢後書 [After the Han].
- Sima Biao. Xu Hanshu 續漢書 [Continuation of the Book of Han].
- Fan Ye, ed. (1965) [445]. Hou Hanshu 後漢書 [Book of the Later Han]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
- Nylan, Michael (1982). Ying Shao's Feng su t'ung yi: An Exploration of Problems in Han-Dynasty Political, Philosophical, and Social Unity (PhD thesis). Princeton University. OCLC 11569106.
- Theobald, Ulrich (7 January 2014). "Ying Shao" 應劭. ChinaKnowledge.de. Retrieved 6 October 2017.