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Overview
editMalaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease, that affects humans and other animals.[1]
Symptoms
editIt causes symptoms that typically include, fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches.[2]
Severe malaria symptoms
editIn severe cases, Malaria can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death.[2]
Symptom timing
editSymptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.[1]
Risk of no treatment
editIf not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease, months later.[1]
Partial immunity
editIn those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms.[2]
Partial immunity limitations
editThis partial resistance disappears over months, to years, if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.[2]
Cause
editMalaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group.[1]
Initial infection
editThe disease is most commonly spread by an infected female, Anopheles mosquito.[1] The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva, into a person's blood.[1]
Spread to liver
editThe parasites travel in the blood, to the liver, where they mature and reproduce.[2]
Types of malaria
editFive species of the parasite Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans, [2] with most deaths caused by P. falciparum.[2][1]
Diagnosis
editMalaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood, using blood films,
Rapid diagnosis
editor with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests, [2] although PCR tests are not widely used, in areas where malaria is common, due to their cost and complexity.[3]
Prevention
editThe risk of disease can be reduced, by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets, and insect repellents,
Wider prevention
editor with mosquito control measures, such as spraying insecticides, and draining standing water.[2]
Prophylaxis
editSeveral medications are available to prevent malaria in travellers to areas where the disease is common.[1]
Prophylaxis in infants and pregnancy
editOccasional doses of the combination medication sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, are recommended in infants, and pregnancy after the first trimester, in areas with high rates of malaria.[1]
Vaccine
editDespite a need, no effective malaria vaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing.[1]
Treatment (primary)
editThe recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications, that includes an artemisinin.[2][1]
Treatment (secondary)
editThe second medication may be either mefloquine, lumefantrine, or sulfadoxine pyrimethamine.[4]
Treatment (alternatives)
editQuinine, along with doxycycline, may be used if an artemisinin is not available.[4]
Diagnosis before treatment
editIt is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed before treatment is started, due to concerns of increasing drug resistance.[1]
Epidemiology
editThe disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions, in a broad band around the equator with 216 million cases in 2016.[2] [5][6]
Risk of death
editresulting in an estimated 445,000 to 731,000 deaths. Approximately 90% of both cases, and deaths, occurred in Africa.[7]
Rates of disease
editRates of disease decreased by 37% between the years 2000 and 2015,[7] but increased from 2014, during which there were 198 million cases.[8]
Populations at risk
editMalaria is commonly associated with poverty, and has a major negative effect on economic development.[9][10]
Effect on economies
editFor instance, in Africa, it is estimated to result in losses of US$12 billion a year, due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to work, and negative effects on tourism.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Caraballo H (2014). "Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus". Emergency Medicine Practice. 16 (5). Archived from the original on 2016-08-01.
- ^ Nadjm B, Behrens RH (2012). "Malaria: An update for physicians". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 26 (2): 243–59. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010. PMID 22632637.
- ^ a b Organization, World Health (2010). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. ix. ISBN 978-92-4-154792-5.
- ^ World Malaria Report 2017 (PDF). WHO. 2017. ISBN 978-92-4-156552-3.
- ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ World malaria report 2020 - 20 years of global progress & challenges
- ^ Gollin D, Zimmermann C (August 2007). Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of Labor. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-18.
- ^ Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K (2005). "Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature". Tropical Health and Medicine. 10 (10): 1047–59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x. PMID 16185240.
- ^ Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005). "Malaria". Lancet. 365 (9469): 1487–98. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3. PMID 15850634.