West Makian (also known by the endonym Moi[2]: 104 ) is a divergent North Halmahera language of Indonesia. It is spoken on the coast near Makian Island, and on the western half of that island.
| West Makian | |
|---|---|
| Moi | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Western part of Makian island and much of Kayoa. |
Native speakers | (12,000 cited 1977)[1] |
West Papuan?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mqs |
| Glottolog | west2600 |
| ELP | Moi (Maluku, Indonesia) |
West Makian has been strongly influenced by a neighboring Austronesian language or languages to the extent that it was once classified as Austronesian, as East Makian (Taba) still is. As a family-level isolate, it is not closely related to any other language.[3][4] A brief description of the language can be found in Voorhoeve (1982). Much influence comes from Taba, as well as Malay, Ternate, Dutch, and potentially Portuguese.[1]
Phonology
editVowels
editWest Makian has 5 or 6 vowels: /a, e, ə, i, o/, and /u/,[1] with /ə/ not recorded by Watuseke.[5] Voorhoeve states that /ə/ is only found in Indonesian loans.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Consonants
edit| Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | (ɲ) | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | c | k | |
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɟ | g | ||
| Fricative | ɸ | h | ||||
| Approximant | l̪ | |||||
| Trill | r̪ | |||||
/ɲ/ is found almost exclusively in Indonesian loanwords. The only original Moi word with /ɲ/ is /miɲe/ - 'one.'
Consonant clusters are found almost entirely in the middle of words, with a few occurring word-initially during continuous speech. The majority of words have stress on the penultimate syllable, with a few having it on the syllable before or the last syllable. Stress is primarily phonemic.
There are two types of sentence intonation so far observed. One involves the tone rising sharply then sometimes falling again, a pattern used in emphatic imperatives and sometimes in questions. The other pattern is a sharp drop at the end of the sentence, used for declarative sentences and non-emphatic imperatives.
Vowel harmony
editWest Makian makes use of regressive vowel harmony,[1] which affects the vowels of several prefixes, the possessive marker, and a preposition. Specifically, they affect the prefixes fa-, ma-, and fala-; the verbal subject prefixes ta-, na-, ma-, fa-, and da-; the possessive marker da, and the lative, ablative, and locative preposition ta.
In general, for an element CV (consonant-vowel) the pattern is as follows:
| the form | precedes initial | example |
|---|---|---|
| Ca- | (C)a | fV- + abo = faabo fV- + dadi = fadadi |
| Ce- | (C)e | tV- + bebe = tebebe |
| Ce- | Ci | dV + pigir = de pigir |
| Ci- | i | tV- + i = tii |
| Co- | (C)o, (C)u | dV- + co = doco |
However, there are many exceptions. The stative verb gei ("to be dead") takes prefixes fa- (fagei, "to kill") and ma- (magei, "to die") instead of the expected fe- and me-. The directional verbs (naso "to go to", no "to come", etc.) and the verb am ("to eat") take only verbal prefixes of the form Ci (tiam "I eat", minaso "we go to", etc.). Stative verbs are identical to directionals in terms of verbal prefixes, with the exception of the 3rd person singular, which is i- for inanimates and ma- (no vowel harmony) for animates. Additionally, in the imperative, the 2nd singular (nV-) and 2nd plural (fV-) prefixes simply assimilate to the next vowel: the verb uba ("carry") produces nuuba ("you carry it!"), fuuba ("you all carry it!").
References
edit- ^ a b c d Voorhoeve, C. L. (1982). "The Makian languages and their neighbours". www.language-archives.org. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
- ^ Klamer, Marian; Ger Reesink; and Miriam van Staden. 2008. East Nusantara as a Linguistic Area. In Pieter Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics, 95-149. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- ^ Gary Holton, Marian Klamer (2018), "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head", in Bill Palmer (ed.), The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics, vol. 4, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 569–640, ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7
- ^ Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (2018). "Makian, West" (21 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23.
- ^ Watuseke, F. S. (1976). "West Makian, a Language of the North-Halmahera Group of the West-Irian Phylum" (PDF).
Bibliography
edit- Gary Holton, Marian Klamer (2018), "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head", in Bill Palmer (ed.), The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics, vol. 4, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 569–640, ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7
- Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (2018). "Makian, West" (21 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23.