The Wellington Fault is an active seismic fault in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand. It is a dextral (right-lateral) strike-slip fault with variable amounts of vertical movement causing uplift to the northwest, as expressed by a series of ranges. It forms part of the North Island Fault System, which accommodates the transfer of displacement along the oblique convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate.
| Wellington Fault | |
|---|---|
 The Wellington Fault runs under California Drive in Totara Park, Upper Hutt. The road has been built extra wide with a central median to keep houses back from the fault line. | |
 Map of active Wellington Fault traces (red) | |
| Etymology | Duke of Wellington |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Wellington Region |
| Cities | Wellington |
| Characteristics | |
| Range | Up to 8 Mw[1] |
| Segments | multiple |
| Length | 170 km (110 mi)[2] |
| Displacement | Up to 7.6 mm (0.30 in)/year[2] |
| Tectonics | |
| Plate | Australian |
| Status | Active |
| Type | Dextral fault |
| Age | Miocene-Holocene |
| New Zealand geology database (includes faults) | |
Geometry
editThe Wellington Fault consists of three main sections.[2]
Wellington-Hutt Valley section
editThis 75 km long curved fault segment is mapped on the floor of the Cook Strait before crossing the Wellington peninsula through Long Gully and along the northwestern edge of Wellington Harbour, past Lower Hutt terminating near Kaitoke. This segment has had a lateral slip-rate of 6.0–7.6 mm per year for at least the last 140,000 years, from the progressive offset of dated river terraces.[1] The most recent rupture event along this section is constrained to 150–450 yrs BP. This section is interpreted to give rise to characteristic earthquakes involving rupture of the entire fault segment, with a single-event displacement of 3.8–4.6 m. The recurrence interval is 500–770 years. The Kaitoke basin is a small pull-apart basin formed at the 2 km lateral offset between this segment and the Tararua segment, near Kaitoke.[1]
It is possible that the Māori legend of the formation of Whanganui-a-Tara (Wellington Harbour) derives from an oral record of an early quake along this fault.
Tararua section
editThe 53 km long arcuate Tararua segment starts just north of Kaitoke along the eastern side of the Tararua Range. It terminates near Putara. It consists of two active fault strands, the southeasterly of which carries most of the displacement, as shown by offset drainage patterns. The strike of this section changes from 041° in the south to 020° in the north. The dextral slip rate for this section is 4.9–7.6 mm/yr, with a single-event displacement of 3.5–5.5 m and a recurrence interval of 500–1120 years.[2]
Pahiatua section
editThis 42 km long segment runs from near Putara in the south to near Woodville in the north, where the fault branches into the Ruahine and Mohaka Faults. This segment is relatively linear with a strike of 033°. The dextral slip rate for this section is 4.9–6.2 mm/yr, with a single-event displacement of 4.5±1 m and a recurrence interval of 560–1120 years.[2]
Seismic hazard
editAlthough no historic earthquake has been recorded for this fault, the potential impact of rupture along the Wellington-Hutt Valley section on the Wellington area makes it one of the greatest natural hazards in New Zealand. The Wellington Fault is also capable of producing earthquakes of up to magnitude-8.[1] While a major rupture on the Wellington Fault can be expected anytime in the next 500 years, a significant earthquake on other faults in the Wellington area have a shorter 150 year return time.[3]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d van Dissen, R.J.; Berryman K.R.; Pettinga J.R.; Hill N.L. (1992). "Paleoseismicity of the Wellington – Hutt Valley Segment of the Wellington Fault, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 35 (2): 165–176. doi:10.1080/00288306.1992.9514511.
- ^ a b c d e Langridge, R.M.; Berryman, K.R.; van Dissen, R.J. (2005). "Defining the geometric segmentation and Holocene slip rate of the Wellington Fault, New Zealand: the Pahiatua section". New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics. 48 (4): 591–607. doi:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515136.
- ^ "How often do earthquakes occur along the fault? / Wellington Fault / Major Faults in New Zealand / Earthquakes / Science Topics / Learning / Home - GNS Science". www.gns.cri.nz. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
References
edit- Richard W. Heine: A New Interpretation of the Geomorphology of Wellington. In Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Juni 1982, p. 189–205 (online copy, p. 189, at Google Books)
External links
edit- Wellington Fault at GNS Science
- Wellington Fault – video by GNS Science (10 min.)
- "Images of Wellington Fault c1956". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1956.