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The Vlora War was a military conflict in the Vlorë region of Albania between the Kingdom of Italy and Albanian nationalists. Vlorë, occupied by Italy since 1914, was attacked four times by Albanian nationalists. While repelling the attacks, the Italian troops suffered from an outbreak of malaria and could not receive support as the Bersaglieri of Ancona refused to be sent to Albania, in the context of the Biennio Rosso agitations.[6] Italian prime minister Giovanni Giolitti, considering the occupation of Vlorë pointless and unpopular, negotiated a treaty of compromise with the Albanians. This resulted in Italy abandoning its plans to make Albania a mandate and ending the occupation of Vlorë, while it retained diplomatic protection over Albania to ensure its independence and annexed the island of Saseno. The armistice agreement was confirmed a year later by the Conference of Ambassadors of the League of Nations, confirming Albanian sovereignty and the Italian special interests. The Vlora War is considered an important moment in the history of the Albania's independence.[7][8] At the same time, the 1920 treaty of Tirana is considered the first of the Treaties of Tirana that gradually brought Albania into the Italian sphere of influence.[9] Both the Albanian committee and the Italian foreign ministry claimed victory and expressed satisfaction with the agreements;[10][11] many authors do not treat these clashes as forming an actual conflict and the very concept of a "Vlora War" is rare in historiography.
| Vlora War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Clockwise from top: Italian base; Albanian soldiers; Italian cannons captured by Albanian irregulars during one of the battles | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Albanian nationalists |
 Italy | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Qazim Koculi Ahmet Lepenica Selam Musai † Spiro Jorgo Koleka Fani Shuka (MIA) Aristidh Ruçi Xhemal Aranitasi Ahmet Zogu[1] |
Giovanni Giolitti Settimio Piacentini Enrico Gotti † | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 10,000 troops, of which 3,000–4,000 engaged[2] | About 25,000 troops,[3] with only a fraction engaged due to an outbreak of malaria[4] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 750–3,000 killed | 2,000 killed, most of which died due to malaria[5] | ||||||||
Background
editBefore joining the Triple Entente as an ally in World War I, the Kingdom of Italy signed the secret Treaty of London. Under this agreement, Italy promised to declare war on Germany and Austria-Hungary within one month in exchange for territorial gains at the end of the war. Articles 6 and 7 of the treaty dealt with the promised territories in Albania that Italy would receive:[12]
Article 6 Italy shall receive full sovereignty over Valona, the island of Saseno and surrounding territory....
Article 7 Having obtained the Trentino and Istria by Article 4, Dalmatia and the Adriatic islands by Article 5, and also the gulf of Valona, Italy undertakes, in the event a small, autonomous, and neutralized state being formed in Albania Italy not to oppose the possible desire of France, Great Britain, and Russia to repartition the northern and the southern districts of Albania between Montenegro, Serbia, and Greece. The southern coast of Albania, from the frontier of the Italian territory of Valona to Cape Stilos, is to be neutralized. The Italy will be conceded the right of concluding the foreign relations of Albania; in any case, Italy will be bound to secure for Albania a territory sufficiently extensive to enable its frontiers to join those of Greece and Serbia to the west of Lake Ochrida ..
In 1920, the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference had not yet decided on the future of Albania, but Italy's claims to sovereignty over Vlorë had never faced a significant challenge. Prime Minister Francesco Saverio Nitti also sought a mandate over the rest of the country following the secret Treaty of London.[13]
Orders of battle
editAlbanian order of battle
edit| Albanian order of battle | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forces from Shullëri | Commander Kalo Telhai | ||||
| Forces from Kutë | Commander Rrapo Çelo and Halim Rakipi | ||||
| Forces from Dukat | Commander Sheme Sadiku and Hodo Zeqiri | ||||
| Forces from Lumi i Vlorës | Commander Sali Vranishti | ||||
| Forces from Fëngu | Commander Muço Aliu | ||||
| Forces from Kanina | Commander Beqir Velo | ||||
| Forces from Salari | Commander Selam Musai | ||||
| Forces from Kurvelesh | Commander Riza Runa | ||||
| Forces from Fterra | Commander Xhaferr Shehu | ||||
| Forces from Mallakastër | Commander Bektash Çakrani and Halim Hamiti | ||||
| Forces from Skrapar | Commander Riza Kodheli | ||||
| Forces from Berat | Commander Seit Toptani and Izedin Vrioni and Fani Shuka | ||||
| Forces from Peqin | Commander Adem Gjinishi | ||||
| Forces from Gjirokastër | Commander Javer Hurshiti and Xhevdet Picari | ||||
| Forces from Çamëria | Commander Alush Seit Taka and Muharrem Rushiti | ||||
| Forces from Korça | Captain Ferit Frashëri and Tosun Selenica | ||||
| Forces from Tirana | Captain Ismail Haki Kuçi | ||||
| Albanian-American Volunteers | Captain Aqif Përmeti and Kareiman Tatzani | ||||
Italian order of battle
edit| Italian order of battle | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area | Military Strength | Commander | |||
| Vlorë-Kaninë area | Center of High Command of 36th division forces | Commander: General Settimo Piacentini. Division commander - General Emanuele Pugliese and his aid General De Luca. | |||
| Kotë | Road, food and hospital center. 4th command of mixed artillery. Alpine battalion, 72nd battalion of Infantry. | Command of Carabinieri forces. Commander General Enrico Gotti, Commander of the garrison Cavallo Michele. | |||
| Gjorm | Center of a machine gun company | Commander Captain Bergamaschi | |||
| Matohasanaj Castle | 72 infantry battalion, infantry regiment, 182nd mountain artillery section 70 mm. | Commander major | |||
| Tepelenë Castle | Infantry battalion, 157th artillery section, carabinieri forces. | Commander major Bronzini. | |||
| Llogara Pass | Part of 35th battalion of 35th regiment of bersaglieri, 105th repart. | Commander Captain Boansea | |||
| Himarë | Center of command of 35th regiment of bersaglieri. | Commander general Rossi, Colonel Manganeli. | |||
| Selenicë | Commander major Guadalupi | ||||
| Vlora Gulf | Battleships "San Mario", "Bruceti", "Dulio", Alkina" Orion, torpedinier "Arcione" | ||||
| Ujë i Ftohtë region (outskirt south of Vlorë) | Aviation forces | ||||
| Panaja | Central magazines of the Italian army | ||||
| Vajzë - hospital and post command. | |||||
Course of war
editThe conflict began on June 4 after Italian General Settimo Piacentini refused to cede control of the Vlora district to the Albanian government. Previously, Albania had successfully expelled most of the Italian occupation from the country. After Italy refused the request of Ahmet Zogu, then Albanian Minister of the Interior, to continue the evacuation, the Albanians formed the National Defense Committee, led by Qazim Koculi, and began recruiting volunteers.[7] Ahmet Lepenica took command of the force, which consisted of about 4,000 soldiers. The Albanian rebels were poorly armed; some did not carry firearms and resorted to sticks and stones. In the area around Vlora there were about 25,000 Italian soldiers equipped with artillery.[7]
The Albanians fought in the Vlora region and were joined by local volunteers, resulting in a force of over 10,000 irregular fighters. Despite the increase in numbers, only up to 4,000 Albanians participated in the conflict. This force included the Banda e Vatrës, an Albanian military band formed in the United States that traveled by boat for 23 days to reach Durrës.[14][7] The advance of the Albanian troops and the communist revolutionary movements, coupled with riots in the Italian army, made it impossible to reinforce the Italian soldiers in Vlora.[15][7] As a result, the Italian soldiers barricaded themselves in Vlora, facing malaria and communist agitation in their ranks, and without receiving any orders; they defended the city from four attacks on 5 June, 6 June, 11 June, and 24 July.[7][15]
End of hostilities
editThe military stalemate continued for three months until the Italian and Albanian governments signed the Treaty of Tirana, which ended the conflict.
Italy undertakes to recognize and defend the autonomy of Albania and, retaining only Saseno, abandons Vallona.
It was the first diplomatic agreement between Albania and a foreign country. The pact prevented further partition of the territory of the Albanian state. Albania managed to achieve full recognition by the Western powers of its independence within its 1913 borders.[16]
The armistice, introducing a ceasefire on August 5th, contained these main points:
- The Italian Government completely acknowledged the independence, territorial integrity, and sovereignty of Albania, within the frontiers defined in 1913 by the Conference of Ambassadors in London.
- The Italian government relinquished its protectorate proclaimed in 1917 and the occupation and administration of Vlorë and its hinterland, and renounced all claims against Albania and all interference in Albanian political affairs, and abandoned the idea of a mandate over the country.
- The Italian government agreed to withdraw its war materials from Vlorë and its hinterland, to evacuate all its holdings on the Albanian mainland, and to repatriate at an early date the Italian troops actually stationed in Vlorë and on the littoral, and all its forces still remaining in other parts of Albanian territory with the exception of the garrison on the island of Sazan at the entrance of the Vlorë bay; Italy retained the permanent possession only of the island of Sazan, but remained in temporary occupation of Cape Linguetta and cape Treporti, both dominating Vlorë bay, with the right to fortify them; the detachment of troops at Shkodër was also to remain in that town.
- There would take place an exchange of prisoners, the liberation of arrested persons under a general mutual amnesty, and the settlement of outstanding questions concerning the private interests of Albanian and Italian subjects.
The Treaty of Tirana was ratified by the League of Nations Conference of Ambassadors in November 1921. It recognized Italian special interests in Albania while reaffirming Albanian independence. Giovanni Giolitti, the Italian Prime Minister at the time, expressed his satisfaction with the treaty in these words:
What really interests us is that Vallona cannot form a base of operations against us; and this aim was achieved with the occupation of the islet of Sasseno, which lies at the mouth of the bay itself... For these reasons, I decided to renounce the mandate conferred on us by the Paris Conference on Albania, which would have represented an enormous liability without any profit, and to limit our action to the diplomatic protection of Albania against the aims of other States, and to abandon Vallona, ensuring however recognition of the possession of Sasseno
However, Benito Mussolini referred to Vlora as the "Albanian Caporetto.".[10] Upon taking power, he also ensured Albanian independence and caused the 1923 Corfu crisis after a border disagreement with Greece.
References
edit- ^ "1933 | Ahmed Zogu: King Zog Tells his Story". www.albanianhistory.net. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
- ^ Krasniqi, Kolë (2019). Islamist Extremism in Kosovo and the Countries of the Region. Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-18569-5. OCLC 1119613159.
- ^ Marmullaku, Ramadan (1975). Albania and the Albanians. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books. ISBN 0-208-01558-2. OCLC 1963173.
- ^ Vincenzo Gallinari, l'esercito italiano nel primo dopoguerra, 1918-1920, p.157
- ^ Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd, editor, Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume 1: Europe & Latin America (London, UK: Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1977), page 106
- ^ Paolini M., I fatti di Ancona e l'11º Bersaglieri (giugno 1920), in "Quaderni di Resistenza Marche", n. 4 novembre 1982.
- ^ a b c d e f Albanian identities: myth and history Authors Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers, Bernd Jürgen Fischer Editors Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers, Bernd Jürgen Fischer Edition illustrated Publisher C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002 ISBN 1-85065-572-3, ISBN 978-1-85065-572-5
- ^ Ruggero Giacomini, La rivolta dei bersaglieri e le Giornate Rosse - I moti di Ancona dell'estate del 1920 e l'indipendenza dell'Albania, Assemblea legislativa delle Marche, Ancona 2010.
- ^ Treaties of Tirana
- ^ a b Arhire, Sorin; Roşu, Tudor, eds. (2019). The Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) and Its Aftermath: Settlements, Problems and Perceptions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 9781527543959.
... the political quarrel turned into an armed conflict, which ended with the unexpected victory of the Albanians.
- ^ In a speech in parliament, the Italian foreign minister announced complete success in the military operations and negotiations leading to the agreements. Carlo Sforza: portrait of a diplomat. University of Michigan. Zeno, L. (1999). p.240.
- ^ Southern Albania, 1912-1923 Publisher Stanford University Press ISBN 0-8047-6171-X, 9780804761710 p.61
- ^ Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870-1925 Author Christopher Seton-Watson Edition illustrated Publisher Taylor & Francis, 1967 ISBN 0-416-18940-7, ISBN 978-0-416-18940-7 p. 578
- ^ "BANDA DHE VULLNETARËT E VATRËS NË LUFTËN E VLORËS DHE NË KONFLIKTIN ME GREKËT NË KUFIJTË JUGORË". gazetadielli.com. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Gli Italiani si ritirano dall'Albania". digilander.libero.it. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908-1939 Volume 1 of Albania in the twentieth century, Owen Pearson Volume 1 of Albania and King Zog, Owen Pearson Author Owen Pearson Edition illustrated Publisher I.B.Tauris, 2004 ISBN 1-84511-013-7, ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0 page 151 [1]
Further reading
edit- Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH, "Fjalori Enciklopedik Shqiptar", Tirana, 1985.
- Pearson, Owen. Albania in the Twentieth Century: A History. Volume One. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2006 (ISBN 1-84511-013-7).
- Sette, Alessandro. From Paris to Vlorë. Italy and the Settlement of the Albanian Question (1919–1920), in The Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) and Its Aftermath: Settlements, Problems, and Perceptions, eds. S. Arhire, T. Rosu, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2020.